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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender Inequality:
Workplace |
Women are excluded from certain position in society.
Women are paid less than men when occupying similar positions Women are paid less when in jobs thought to be "feminine" Women have to work harder and take longer to be promoted |
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Gender Inequality:
Representation |
Not given full right to vote until 1924
Women are not proportionally represented in politics Top positions in corporations are mostly male In the military, women have recently been given more equality |
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Gender Inequality:
Home |
Women are not paid for domestic work, including child rearing
Women do a second shift at home Women have few maternity benefits and rights |
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Gender Inequality:
Rape and Violence |
Women are more likely than men to be victims of domestic victims
Women are objectified, sexualized, and commodified, by the media and pornography Women are more likely to be victims of molestation, child abuse, and rape. |
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Cultural View of Gender Inequality
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The traditional or essentialist view is the most accepted view of our bodies, sex, gender, and sexuality today
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Social Construction of Sexuality
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Generated in the 19th century as a result of social, historical, and economic conditions in Europe and the US. It also resulted from the rise of biology and modern medicine, the leading sciences of the times.
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"The Normal"
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This model defines what is "normal", "healthy", and "natural." Situations that deviate from this view are considered pathological deviant, unnatural, and sinful.
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Institutions and Gender Inequality
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Societal resources, norms, and laws as well as government resources are committed to support the traditional views of body, sex, gender, and sexuality.
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Bodies
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The Natural Body: Being endowed with their own genetics, hormones, organs, and functions. We think of our bodies as natural, biological bodies.
Two Bodies: Two different, opposite bodies (man, woman) The Sex Difference: the most important difference is the sexual and reproductive organs and functions. Man or Woman: Because there are two different bodies, individuals are either man or woman. |
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Sex
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Sexed Body: Assignment of our sex identity on the bases of some biological trait. Body defines our sex.
Sex Clues: Today physicians look in the body for clues about our sex. (external genitalia, reproductive organs, chromosomes) Male or Female: Penis = Man Otherwise = Woman Abnormalities: If there is any doubt, it is fixed surgically. These situations are considered defects or abnormalities or nature. |
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Gender and Society
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The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male.
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Gender Expectations
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Gender is a set of expectations governing the ways by which humans organize their lives.
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Masculinity and Femininity
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we think of only two genders: male and female. Males are masculine and females are feminine.
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Gender "Disorders"
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People who are neither or both are usually considered as having a "gender disorder."
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Traditional/Heterosexual Gender Model
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Body --> Sex --> Gender --> Sexual Orientation --> Inequality
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Sexual Orientation
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Refers to the direction of our desire
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The Body: A Critical Perspective
The Historical Body |
During the 19th Century, we moved from the One-Body to the Two-Bodies system
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The Body: A Critical Perspective
The Diverse Body |
In post-modern society, two bodies are not sufficient to explain the variety of human body forms so proposals for a 5-body and for even more bodies are raised.
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Challenging the Traditional Model:
One Body |
In the past there was only one body (ancient times, middle ages, renaissance). That body, its functions and desires, was to be shared by both men and women. For several centuries a one single-sexed body, one "flesh" , with its different versions attributed to at least two genders, was constructed.
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Challenging the Traditional Model:
The Humoral Body |
The body was made up of fluids: blood, semen, milk, menses, perspiration and other excrements. These fluids, whether hot, cold, moist, or dry, were in constant flux, in motion, turning into one another and determining the context within which a particular gender expresses itself.
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Challenging the Traditional Model:
Hierarchies of Bodies |
Men and female bodies were ranked hierarchally, in a vertical fashion, as one being more evolved than the other. Men and women are arrayed according to their degree of metaphysical perfection, their vital heat, along an axis whose telos was male. The boundaries of male and female are of degree, not of kind. Male and female bodies are natural adaptations to a natural division of labor.
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Sex: A Critical Evaluation
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Genitalia
Reproductive Organs Hormones Chromosomes Each individual body has a different way of matching these four criteria. |
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Intersexuality
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True hermaphrodites: having both male and female testis (1/100,000)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Malfunction of one or more six enzymes involved in making steroid hormones, leading to a severe masculinization of XX children. Androgen insensitivity syndrome Gonadel dysgenises, vaginal agenesis, hypospadias, Turner Syndrome, Klinefeiter Syndrome, |
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Sexing the Body
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Male, Merm, Herm, Ferm, Female
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Transsexual Bodies
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Individuals who may not exhibit any indication of inter-sexuality or genital anomalies but who feel, deep within themselves, that the physicality that embodies them does not correspond to their inner sense of gender identity.
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Identity
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An inner essence? A social performance? An imposed stigma? An inherited mask?
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Optional Identities
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The identities available to individuals in different situations and/or at different times in the history of their society
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Imposed Identities
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Some identities are imposed on to individuals without them participating in the development of it and regardless of their own personal traits.
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Fluid Identities
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Individuals may change their sexual identies over time depending on the nature of their present and past relationships
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Self-Identity and Sexual Identity
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Often, our definition of self may not correspond to our imposed or acquired sexual identities creating conflicts, anxieties, and inconsistencies in our lives.
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The Masculine Mask
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Homophobic
Sexist Rapist Racist Anti-Animal *Protector*Performance*Provider* |
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The Problem with "normal"
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The "norm"
Sexism Rape and domestic violence Heterosexism Homophobia Masks of Masculinity and Femininity Dominance, Inequality, and the Destruction of Intimacy |
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Rainbow Model of Sexuality
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It recognizes a variety of human sexual experience stating that individuals fall within a range of body, sex, and gender identities. It assumes, however, that heterosexual (white) male and female represent the polar extremes.
From a polarized 2 gender to a continuum of genders: Woman - - - - Man (Crossdresser, transexual, bisexual, lesbian, gay) |
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Diamond Model
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It recognizes that each individual is unique in terms of body, sexual orientation, and identity. That each person is a particular combination of all factors that are used to identify body, sex, and sexuality. Moreover, if we take into consideration race, ethnicity, body size, and other social representations of the body, each individual becomes even more unique, both from a biological, psychological, and social point of view.
-Sexual orientation, internal reproductive organs, chromosomes, gender options, hormones, external genitalia- |
