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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sex vs. gender |
gender: a social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories sex: biological differences that distinguish males and females |
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feminism |
a consciousness - raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. the underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
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sexuality |
desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior |
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eugenics |
"well - born;" a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation |
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race vs. ethnicity |
race: a group of people who share a set of characteristics - common bloodline ethnicity: one's ethnic quality of affiliation; voluntary, self defined, non - hierarchal, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences from the perspective of one's own |
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racism |
the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits |
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ethnocentrism |
the belief that one's own culture of group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own |
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racialization |
the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people |
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difference responses to oppression |
withdrawal passing acceptance resistance |
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definition of poverty |
condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is sever enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society |
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culture of poverty |
poor people adopt certain practices, which differ from those of middle class "mainstream" society, in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances |
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preverse incentives |
reward structure that leads to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior |
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de facto segregation vs. de jure segregation |
de facto: discrimination that was not segregation by law de jure: legal segregation |
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moving to opportunity study |
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absolute poverty vs. relative poverty |
absolute: point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members relative: measuring of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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medicalization |
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such |
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sick role |
assigns a sick person rights and obligations although to be sick (or healthy) has changed throughout history and differs from one place to another |
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prejudice vs. discrimination |
prejudice: thought and feelings about an ethnic or racial group discrimination: harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit |
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symbolic ethnicity |
ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual |
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patriarchy |
a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity |
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gender roles |
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male of female |
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3 theories explain discrepancies in health care |
selection: the connection between low income and poorer health drift: poor health = less likely to find gainful employment determinant: social status can determine a persons health |
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diagnostic and statistical manual |
significant increase in the use of pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness |
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enclosure movement |
??????????? |
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theories of collective action |
convergence: collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place contagion: collective action arises because of peoples tendency to conform to the behavior of others emergent norm: emphasized the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms that members of a group then follow |
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corporations |
a juristic person; an entity that has all the legal rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person although their primary goal is the general pursuit of profit |
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schools as socializing agents |
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three stages of social movement |
emergence: the social problem being addressed is first identified coalescence: resources are mobilized and concrete action is taken to address the problem routinization: a formal structure develops to promote the cause |
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cultural capital |
greater parental involvement, more informal education opportunities outside of school, and more confidence in dealing with school bureaucracies , also tend to have educational advantages |
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family wage |
a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children |
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capitalism |
economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an enfettered marketplace |
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depersonalization of exchange |
changing from piecework payment to wage labor to a salary |
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Marx theory of alienation |
prediction both that capitalism would ultimately destroy itself and that the working class would rise against the capitalist class, leading to a period first of socialism and then of communism |
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the hidden curriculum |
serves to form a more cohesive society but has also been used to impose the values of a dominant culture on outsiders or minorites |
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types of legitimate authority |
charismatic: based on the personal appeal of an individual leader traditional: based on appeal to the past of a long established way of doing things legal rational: based on legal, impersonal rules that have been routinized and rationalized |
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colonialism |
??????? |
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expropriation vs. exploitation |
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3 types of citizenship rights |
civil: guarantee personal freedom without state interference political: rights to participate in politics, hold office, or vote social: guarantee protection by the state |
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manifest vs. latent function of educaiton |
manifest: transmission of knowledge is an obvious function of education latent: other functions that are not so obvious such as learning to follow society's rule and respecting authority |
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achievement gap in education |
multiple factors such as gender, ethnicity, family size, money, and cultural capital |
