Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Theory
|
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
|
|
|
Manifest function
|
the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern
|
|
|
Latent function
|
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern
|
|
|
Survey
|
a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview
|
|
|
Participant observation
|
a study in which investigators join subjects in their natural environments
|
|
|
Experiment
|
research method investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
|
|
|
Cross-sectional study
|
study of subjects who have similar characteristics not having to do with the focus of the study
|
|
|
Longitudinal study
|
study of subjects over a long period of time, even decades (Gottman's marriage study, Autism study)
|
|
|
Correlation
|
relationship in which two or more variables change together
|
|
|
Sample
|
subset of the population selected for study
|
|
|
Variable
|
concept whose values change from case to case
|
|
|
Dependent variable
|
phenomenon effected by outside forces or actions
|
|
|
Independent variable
|
outside force or action effecting phenomena
|
|
|
Representativeness
|
extent to which the results of research can be generalised to wider populations
|
|
|
Generalizability
|
extension of research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population to the population at large
|
|
|
Status
|
social position that a person holds
|
|
|
Achieved status
|
social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort (college grad, manager)
|
|
|
Ascribed status
|
social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life
|
|
|
Master status
|
status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life (M/F, disabled, minority, majority)
|
|
|
Role
|
behavior of someone who holds a particular status
|
|
|
Role strain
|
tension among roles connected to a single status
|
|
|
Role conflict
|
conflict among roles connected to a single status
|
|
|
Norms
|
rules and expectations by which a society guides the the behavior of its members
|
|
|
Socialization
|
lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
|
|
|
Anticipatory socialization
|
learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
|
|
|
Definition of the situation
|
Symbolic-interaction approach; set of constructs that guide interaction; rules; framing
|
|
|
Culture
|
ways of thinking, ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a person's way of life
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
|
|
|
Alienation
|
experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
|
|
|
Anomie
|
Durkheim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance for individuals
|
|
|
Self
|
G.H. Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
|
|
|
Looking-glass self
|
Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us
|
|
|
Modernization
|
process of social change started by industrialism
|
|
|
Neocolonialism
|
new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
|
|
|
Primary group
|
small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
|
|
|
Gender
|
personal traits and social positions that a society attaches to being male or female
|
|
|
Secondary group
|
large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
|
|
|
Bureaucracy
|
organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
|
|
|
Sexism
|
belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
|
|
|
Race
|
socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
|
|
|
Ethnicity
|
shared cultural heritage
|
|
|
Racism
|
belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
|
|
|
Prejudice
|
rigid or unfair generalization about an entire category of people
|
|
|
Discrimination
|
unequal treatment of various categories of people
|
|
|
Symbol
|
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
|
|
|
Social institution
|
major sphere of social life. or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs
|
|
|
Absolute poverty
|
lack of resources that is life-threatening
|
|
|
Relative poverty
|
lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
|
|
|
Power
|
ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
|
|
|
Authority
|
power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
|
|
|
Social construction of reality
|
process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
|
|
|
Society
|
people who interact within a defined territory and share a culture
|
|
|
Social institution
|
major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs
|
|
|
Social structure
|
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
|
|
|
Social stratification
|
system by which society ranks categories of people in a heirarchy
|
|
|
Sociology
|
systematic study of human society
|
|
|
Jane Addams
|
Hull House; immigrants
|
|
|
Karl Marx
|
Communism trumps socialism
|
|
|
Max Weber
|
Promoted social equality and freedom; Protestantism and Capitalism (believed the Protestant Reformation caused industrialism)
|
|
|
Emile Durkheim
|
Deviance in normal
|
|
|
Georg Simmel
|
Statuses
|
|
|
George Herbert Mead
|
Self; Looking-glass Self; I; Me; learning to take the role of the other
|
|
|
Talcott Parsons
|
Gender forms a complimentary set of roles and helps integrate society
|
|
|
Erving Goffman
|
Social constructions
|
|
|
Robert Merton
|
Role set
|
|
|
Carol Gilligan
|
Gender and moral development; feminism
|
|
|
Deborah Tannen
|
Women have greater information focus; women are expected to be deferential in their interactions with men; feminism
|
|
|
C.H. Cooley
|
Primary and secondary groups
|
