Sociology Final Exam

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History of sociology

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Theory driven and attempts to derive generalizeable frameworks

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Sociology

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Systemic, empirical, and theoretically driven study of human beings in groups

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Psychology

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the social and sypra-human influences on behavior and decision making

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Microeconomics

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study of human behavior and motivation, doesnt assume rationality

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Macroeconomics

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doesn't assume markets are perfect, part of a bigger institutional and cultural structure

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Founding fathers of sociology

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Karl Marx (Communist manifesto)
Max weber (economy and society, spirit of capitalism, bureacucracy)
Emile Durkheim (division of labor in society, rules of sociological method, elemntary forms of religious life)

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Sociological Imagination

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thinking that allows us to understand the larger historical scene, allows us to grasp history and biography and relations between the two in society

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sociological imagination-troubles

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private matter, occur within the character of the individual

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sociological imagination-issues

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have to do with organization of many into institutions of a historical society as a whole

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positivism

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system of thought in which accurate obseravtion and description is considered to the highest form of knowledge

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Growth and spread of capitalism

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currency, taxes, the state, regulaiton of trade, new ideloogies

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Theory

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systematic framework for exploring the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life

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Methodology

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a set of rules/procedure that guides data collection

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Deduction

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logical model in which specific expectation of hyptheses are developed on the basis of general principles
(Theory, then hypothesis, then imperical reserach)

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Induction

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logical model in which general principles are developed from specific observations (empirical research, then theory)

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Conceptualization

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more specific theory that specify precisely what we will mean when we use particular terms

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Operationalization

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Even more specific than conceptualizatoin-development of concret and specific definition of something in terms of the operations by whihc observations are to be categorized

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Deterministic hypothesis

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presence of 'A' will come up with the outcome of 'B'

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Variable

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logical grouping of attributes that vary across units of observation

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correlation

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regular occuring relationship

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spuriousness

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incorrect inference of a casual relationship between 2 variables where the relationship is only accidental

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Methodological considerations

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reliability whether a technique, applied repeatedly, would yiled the same result each time

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Validity

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extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

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Generalizability

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sample chosen has the same characteristics as the population of interest to the researcher

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Quantitative data

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surveys, existing data sources

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Qualitative/ethrographic data

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participant observation, in-depth interviews

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Socialization

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infant becomes self-away, knowledgable person, skilled inthe ways of culture

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Feral children

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raised in wild

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personality differences vs. social experiences

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50/50

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Sigmund Freud

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Id, Superego, ego

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Jean Piaget

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cognitive development
sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years):through touching and manipulation objects, infant discovers enviornment has distint and stable props
Pre-operational stage (2-7): children acquire a mastery of language and become able to use words to represent objects
Concret operational stage (7-11): Children master abstract, logical notions
Formal operational stage (11-15) children are able to grasp highly abstract, hypothetical ideas

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Charles Horton Cooley

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Looking Glass Self-imagine how others see us, interpret that image, develop a self-concept

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Geroge Mead

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Stages of play, developing the self requires taking the role of the other, an ability that developes gradually through, imitation, play, games

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Personality

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repertoire of strategies that siblings use to compete with one another

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Conflict in family

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parents maximize odds that genes will sruives: spread resources evenly among all kids

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Agents of socialization

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paretns thought to be imporant, peers, most important care most about what peers think of us

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Ascribed status

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one assigned at birth that is unlikely to change

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Achieved status

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one earned through an indivual's own effort

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Role

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a set of socially define expectations for appearance

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Role conflict

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the roles associate with one status often conflict with the roles dicated by other statuses

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Role strain

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when role becomes hard to carry out

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Symbolic interactionism

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human beings act towards ideas, concepts, and values on basis of meaning that those things have for them

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symbols are important to....

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-identify indentity construction/maintenance
-our presentation of our identites together
-our ability to define and intepret social situations
-giving meaning to these situations
-our ability to interact smoothly in new situations, like the driving analogy

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rationality principle

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the more profit people expect from one another ina social relationship, the more likely they are to enter into that relationship

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reciprocity principle

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nice to people, they will be nice and do favors back

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justice principle

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more relations established, more likely they are governed by norms of fair exchagne

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GIving impressions

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intetional

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giving off impressions

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unintentional

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Dramaturgy

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a view of social life as a series of dramatic performances to those performed on stage

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Fronting

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expressive equipment of a standard kind intentionally or unwittingly employed by the individual during his/her performance

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Definding a front

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manner, appearance, setting

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Front stage

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performance is given

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back stage

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a place, relative to a given performance, where the impression fostered by the performance is knowingly contradicted as a matter of course

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impression management

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guarding agent unexpected actions that may disrupt the performance to ensure that a smooth and coherent presentation is accomplished

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Group

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colletion of people who share a common identity and regularly interact with one another on the bases of shared expectations concerning behavior

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Dyad

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two person groups, bilateral interaction

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Triad

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3 person group, dyadic interactions, isolate, triadic segreation

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Triad-mediator

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resolve conflict between other two members of triad

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Tertius gaudens

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individual profits from disagreement of other two actors

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divde et impera

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dive and conquer, this person intentionally drives a wedge between the other two parties

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small groups

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face-to-face, unifocal, lack of formal arrangements, equality

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parties

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multifocal

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large groups

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formal strucutre, status differentiation

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Homophily

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social similarity among members of a group

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Gemeinschaft

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(community)-groups that form around essential will, which membership is self-fulfilling

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Gesellschaft(society)

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groups in which membership is sustained by some instrumental goal or defininte end

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Social network

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sumtotal of our group affiliations
primary groups-strong ties
secondary groups-weak ties

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Organizaiton

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goal directed, boundary maintaining, and socially constructed system of human activity

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social structure

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patterened or regularized aspects of teh relationships that exist among organizational participants

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normative structure

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what is supposed to happen

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behavioral strucutre

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what actually happens

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participants

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those individuals who are with in the boundaries and make contributions to the organization

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goals

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conceptions of desired ends

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manifest

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meant to do

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latent

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things we should do

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Bureaucracy

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fixed offices
offices are hierarchially ordered
documentation
appoinment based on credentials
tasks become occupations
general, stable, learned rules applicable to everybody

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Bureaucracy...make or buy?

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Make it became efficient because too many markets, too little supplies

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limited liability

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legal situation in which investors and owners' personal wealth was separated from their investments in organizations

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Mcdonaldization

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process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of american society as well as the rest of the world

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Efficiency

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optimum method for getting from one point or social state to another

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predictability

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assurance that their products and services, will be the same overtime and in all locales

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calculability

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an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold and services offered

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rationality

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the serach by people for the optimum means to a given end is shaped by rules, regulations, and larger social structures

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culture

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the values the members of a given group hold, the languages they speak, teh symbols they revere, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create

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Animals=..

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instinct

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Humans=

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culture

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sapir-whorf hypothesis

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language is central not only in the sense that it provides the labels we use in daily communication, but less obviously, language shpaes our perception

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Material culture

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everything that is part of our constructed enviornment, including technology

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non-material culture

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norms, laws, customs, or ideas of a group of poepl

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Enviornmental contraint

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deal with natural enviornment

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how does culture emerge

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enviornmental contraint, migration patterns, interaction with other culutres, create of dominant vs. subcultures/countercultures

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cultural capital

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informal interpersonal skills, habits, manners, linguistic styles, educational credentials,l tatse, and lifestyesl

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Habitus

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durable set of dispositions we carry around in our heads as a result of our social experience

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Cultural exclusivity

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the more education one has and the higher their Socioeconomic status, the more (maintstream) cultural forms they are likely to dismiss or dislike

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Cultural omniverousness

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Higher education and Socioeconomic status increase familiarity, tolerance, and acceptance of more kinds of culture and the range of cultural consumption