Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Difference between sex and gender
|
sex -- biological characteristics that distinguish males from females
gender -- behaviors that a society considers proper for males and females; masculine and feminine; social characteristic |
|
|
Sociological significance of gender
|
Serves as a control mechanism; what is expected of males and females
|
|
|
Dominant position of sociology
|
Social factors, not biology, are the reasons we behave the way we do
each group makes its own interpretations on physical differences of males and females people learn what is expected of them and given different access to their society's privileges |
|
|
Alice Rossi Study
|
Gender differences are caused by biology and culture combined
|
|
|
Patriarchy
|
Male-dominated society
|
|
|
George Murdock Study
|
Activities are sex-typed -- every society associates certain activities with one sex or the other
Activities that are considered "female" in one society may be considered "male" in another Biology does not require men and women to be assigned to different work |
|
|
"Honor Killings"
|
Form of violence in which if a woman is thought to have brought disgrace on her family, she is killed by a male relative
Usual reason is sex outside of marriage Removes the "stain" she has brought to the family and restores family's honor Viewed as family matters |
|
|
Gender inequality in Education (Early Days)
|
When women were first admitted to college with men, they had to remain silent at assemblies, do the men's laundry, clean their rooms, and serve them meals
Educators believed women to be less qualified for high education because their female organs dominated their minds (menstruation) |
|
|
Gender Inequality in Education (Today)
|
Most college students are now women and they have most of the degrees
Socialization distributes men and women into their different educational paths (ex. engineer majors are mostly men, home-economic majors are mostly women) Women are less likely to become professors, and if they do they are still paid less |
|
|
Pay Gap
|
Full time working women make only 68% of what men make
Mix between chosen careers, gender discrimination, and "child penalty" |
|
|
The Glass Ceiling
|
Invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to top levels in work
Believed to be less capable Lack of an executive mentor |
|
|
Glass Escalator
|
Even in female jobs, men still have higher positions
|
|
|
Violence against Women
|
Rape
Date (Acquaintance) Rape Murder (most killers are men) Violence in the Home (marital rape, incest, genital circumcision, etc.) |
|
|
Women in Criminal Justice System
|
Court is more lenient
Usually put on probation for serious crimes |
|
|
Race: Myth and Reality
|
Reality: race, genocide
Myth: any race is superior to others (Hitler's views) Myth: "pure" race exists (mapping of human genome system, blood type and gene frequencies, race as arbitrary) |
|
|
Race
|
biological characteristics that distinguish one group from another
|
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Cultural characteristics that distinguish one group from another
|
|
|
Kathleen Blee Study
|
Most women in prejudice groups were recruited by somebody in the group
Some women became racist after joining the group Racism was not the cause of joining, but the result of joining |
|
|
Prejudice
|
Attitude of prejudging usually in a negative way
Can sometimes be positive but not usually |
|
|
Discrimination
|
Act of unfair treatment directed against someone
Can be based on many characteristics |
|
|
Eugene Hartley Study
|
People who are prejudice against one group are more likely to be prejudiced against another
Prejudice does not depend on negative experiences |
|
|
Functionalist Theory of Prejudice
|
Fritz Hipler -- created anti-Semitism (bias against Jews) in his films
Idea that discrimination to a group brings together your group (in-group solidarity) |
|
|
Conflict Theory of Prejudice
|
Focus on how social arrangements benefit those in power
Split Labor Market; workers split along lines (men vs. women, whites vs. blacks, etc.); exploited so workers know there is competition and work harder Distrust among workers |
|
|
Symbolic Interactionst Theory of Prejudice
|
Labels affect perception and create prejudice
Selective Perception -- labels lead us to see certain things while blind us to others Labels as Self-Fulfilling Prophecy -- labels lead to more characteristics (ex. laziness leads to lack of a good job which leads to standing around street corners) |
|
|
Politics
|
Exercise of power and the attempts to maintain or change power relations
|
|
|
Relationship between voting and social integration
|
Minority groups tend to participate in voting less
Dominant groups with the most access to resources participate more Those who feel they have a stake in the political system are more likely to vote |
|
|
Apathy
|
People don't vote because they don't believe anything will change
|
|
|
Proportional Representation
|
Electoral system (Europe) in which seats in the legislature are divided according to the proportion of votes that each party receives
Encourages noncentrist parties (parties that have less popular ideas) |
|
|
Family
|
Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption
|
|
|
Household
|
People who occupy the same housing unit
|
|
|
Nuclear Family
|
Family consisting of husband, wife, and children
|
|
|
Extended Family
|
Nuclear family plus other relatives
|
|
|
Family of Orientation
|
The family in which a person grows up
|
|
|
Family of Procreation
|
The family formed when a couple's first child is born
|
|
|
Marriage
|
Group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort (wedding)
|
|
|
Homogamy
|
Tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry each other
|
|
|
Propinquity
|
Spatial nearness -- tend to fall in love with and marry people who live near us
|
|
|
African American Fam
|
Upper Class: concerned with family background of those their children marry; marriage is a merger of family lines; children marry later than children of other classes
Middle Class: Focus on achievement and respectability; both husband and wife are like to work outside of the home; marry people like themselves (hard working, education, pursue successful career) Low Class: Likely to be headed by women; high rate of births compared to single women; divorce more common; people who have helped out in hard times are considered family - Families are most likely to be headed by women - Women are more likely to marry men who are less educated than themselves |
|
|
Native American Families
|
Most significant issue is whether to follow traditional values or assimilate into the dominant culture. This creates vast differences among familes
Parents are permissive with their children to avoid physical punishment Elders play active role in families -- provide child care and teach and discipline children |
|
|
Gay and Lesbian Families
|
Massachusetts first state to legalize same sex marriage
1/5 of gay or lesbian couples were previously married to heterosexuals Main struggles are housework, money, careers, problems with relatives, and sexual adjustment More likely to break up -- argument is that legalizing same sex marriage will make them more stable |
|
|
Hidden Curriculum
|
Conflict Perspective of Education
Unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience and conformity to cultural norms |
|
|
Discrimination by IQ tests
|
Cultural biases -- IQ tests measure not only intelligence, but also culturally acquired knowledge
Not all intelligent people may know the answers on the tests Test questions are tilted in favor of certain cultural backgrounds |
|
|
Malthus Theorem
|
Population grows geometrically (doubles) while food supply grows arithmetically (1 to 2 to 3)
|
|
|
New Malthusians
|
World's population is following an exponential growth curve
Population doubles at a set period of time, therefore accelerating later Believe that if population continues to increase, food supply will run out |
|
|
Anti-Malthusians
|
Europe's demographic transition
Stage 1: Population remained stable (high birth and death rates) Stage 2: New medicine and technology kept death rates down while birth rates increased Stage 3: Population stable again (low birth and death rates) Believe there is enough food to go around because technology increases food sources despite population growth; droughts and wars are the main source of starvation |
|
|
3 Demographic Variables
|
Fertility
Mortality Net Migration |
|
|
Urbanization
|
Masses of people move to the city areas, and the cities have a growing influence on society
|
|
|
Metropolis
|
Central city surrounded by several smaller cities and their suburbs
|
|
|
Gentrification
|
Higher or middle class people move to run-down areas of a city and restore it and displace the poor
|
|
|
Suburbanization
|
People moving from cities to suburbs
When people move away from the city, business and jobs follow -- affects taxes and job market |
|
|
Disinvestment
|
Banks stop supporting communities; withdrawal investments; refuse to make loans for housing or business in problem areas
|
|
|
Deindustrialization
|
Industries and companies move themselves out of the area to countries where labor costs are lower; caused loss of job opportunities
|
|
|
Collective Behavior
|
Actions of people that bypass norms that govern their behavior and do something unusual
|
|
|
Proactive Social Movement
|
Promote social change
|
|
|
Reactive Social Movement
|
Resist social change
|
|
|
Emergent Norms
|
Turner and Killian; People develop new norms to deal with different situations
|
|
|
5 types of crowd participants (Turner and Killian)
|
ego-involved
concerned insecure curious spectators exploiters |
|
|
Mass Society Theory
|
Kornhauser's theory; people participate in social movement because it offers them a sense of belonging to society
|
|
|
Doug McAdam's theory of social movement
|
People do not participate in order to achieve a sense of belonging, they participate for other reasons (such as their desires to fix the wrong)
|
|
|
Deprivation Theory of Social Movement
|
People who feel deprived of something tend to join social movements in hope of fixing this
|
|
|
The Rise of Feminism
|
Early days -- Women could not vote, buy property in their own name, make legal contracts, or serve on juries; husband and wife were legally one person, the husband
Feminism -- men and women should be equal in every way and social stratification by gender is wrong. This was fought both by men who had their privilege to lose and also women who thought their status to be morally correct Women suffragists founded National Women's Party who protested for women's rights and threatened male privileges to the extent demonstrated by how they were treated in prison First Wave (right to vote) and for some liberal women, rights beyond the right to vote Second Wave (equal rights in the work force); equal working conditions such as women's pay and policies on violence against women; began in 1960s Third Wave: Greater focus on women in least-industrialized nations, criticism on the values that men carry in the work force, and right for freedom of women's sexual expression |
|
|
Social Construction of Race; Race: the Power of an Illusion
|
* People construct their racial-ethnic identity based on their care and knowledge about it *
Some have greater sense of ethnicity than others, and feel bigger boundaries between their group and other groups (mainly smaller groups with little power and are an object of discrimination) Others have assimilated into the mainstream culture that they are not very aware of their natural ethnicity (mainly dominant groups that hold most power in society and feel no discrimination) * Minority Groups Emerge in 2 different ways * Expansion of political boundaries -- if a group is incorporated in a society with people from other groups that discriminate against them. People, such as tribes, go from being the dominant group to being a minority group when political boundaries expand Migration -- groups voluntarily move to areas with a dominant group, which causes them to become the minority group * Race: the Power of an Illusion * These social constructions of race are demonstrated in this video because is reveals the concept of race throughout our society. It explains how stereotypes were formed during the formation of our country and how the media and propaganda influenced people to believe a certain race or group to be dominant over another race. For example, early dominant citizens found slaves to be an endless resource to provide labor because these African Americans were easily identifiable and had many skills such as growing rice. Early citizens, such as Thomas Jefferson, began to realize and announce to the public the inferiority of this race. This inferiority of people not of the white, dominant race was also demonstrated in the video when the Trail of Tears was described, the trek that the Cherokee Indians took when they were forced to move to the west of the Mississippi River because they were thought to be inferior, and this belief was defended by Andrew Jackson |
|
|
Functionalist Perspective of the U.S. Government
|
Pluralism -- the diffusion of power among interest groups that prevents a single group from becoming too powerful over another group, or gaining complete control over the government. This keeps the government from becoming hypocritical to their own laws and turning against its citizens.
To prevent total control over any group, the U.S. government is set up into 3 branches, and each branch has the power to overrule the other in order for no branch to dominate another, and therefore prevent one group from having complete control over citizens. In order for no one group to dominate in society, politicians in the U.S. government create policies that can please as many groups as possible |
|
|
Robert Morton's "self-fulfilling prophecy" and Ray Rist's Study on Education
|
Both symbolic interactionst theorists found that teachers expectations on students have an extreme effect on their educational experience
Ray Rist: - did a study on African American students in kindergarten - after only 8 days, the teacher already had distinguished what she thought to be each child's educational ability - sat students in the room from front to back, where the students in the front were "fast learners," students in the middle were "average," and students in the back were "slow learners" - found that children from high or middle class families were sat in the front where the teacher paid most attention to her students, while lower-class students were in the middle or back, where the least attention from the teacher was focused - students in the front were taught more lessons and in a better way, and found that as they moved up in grade school, their new teachers were still placing them in the front of the class room, where they were receiving a better education than the others - Conclusion: every child's experience through grade school was determined by where they sat in the room in kindergarten The results of this study demonstrated Merton's term of self fulfilling prophecy, in which a false assumption of something that is going to happen, such as the children in the front of the classroom having more educational abilities than the others, eventually comes true because of this prediction |
|
|
Childbearing in Least Industrialized Nations
|
People in lower-class countries have the most children, despite the fact that they probably can't afford it. This is because...
1. The status of parenthood -- motherhood is the most important status a woman can achieve, and the more children she has, the more she has achieved her purpose in life, to care for her children. Also, a father proves his manhood and masculinity by fathering children, and the more sons he has, the longer his family name lives on. The Community Supports the view of having many children -- Believe that children as a sign of God's blessing, and the more children a family has, the more the community sees the family as blessed by God Children are an economic asset -- children begin working for the family at a young age Children are equivalent to our Social Security today -- when parents become too old or weak to care for themselves, their children care for them. The more children they have, the more they can be cared for and supported |
|
|
Capitalism, Socialism, and Convergence Theory
|
Capitalism: the economy of the United States; has three essential features
1. the private ownership of the means of production (individuals own land, machines, and factories and decide what they will produce) 2. Market competition (exchange of items between willing buyers and sellers) 3. Pursuit of profit (selling something for more than it costs) * The U.S. is a country of a state-capitalism economy in which individuals own the means of production and pursuit profits, but they do so by following a system of laws by the government in order to protect welfare and society * Socialism -- economic system characterized by public ownership of means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive - Government owns means of production - a central committee decides what will be produced in the market and for what price they will be charged - goods are distributed not for the profit, but solely for the needs of the people and general welfare Convergence Theory -- Capitalistic and Socialistic economies adopt features from of the other, making them grow similar. This causes the belief that a mixed economic system will emerge. An example would be the U.S. adopting a socialistic characteristic of taking money from some people through taxes to pay for the benefits to give to others, such as Social Security and welfare |
|
|
Immigration Debate
|
- immigration is changing the U.S. racial-ethnic mix
- concern for too many immigrants in the U.S. will change the country's character - fear of immigrants taking over language, jobs, and political power |
|
|
Cohabitation
|
Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship
Commitment is the key difference between cohabitation and marriage More likely to divorce once they get married |
