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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex
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Biological Identity
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Gender
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Learned behaviors associated with each sex
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Six agents of gender socialization
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Family
Peers Schools Religion Mass Media Popular Culture |
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Pay Gap
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Women (especially of color) tend to be segregated in low-wage, service work.
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Pay Gap
Human Capital Theory |
Age, experience, education, marital status, and hours worked influence worth in the labor market
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Pay Gap
Dual labor market theory |
Women and men earn different amounts because they work in different segments of the market
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Pay Gap
Overt Discrimination Theory |
White men perpetuate their advantage over women and racial minorities, through labor union practices, legislation, harassment, and intimidation.
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Idea "woman's work" can contribute to the pay gap
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Jobs that have historically been defined as "woman's work" are some of the most devalued in terms of income and prestige, despite their importance for such things as nursing children
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Three ways social context influences the development of sexual relationships
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What sexual relationships mean
How they are conducted What social supports are given to sexual relationships |
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Sexual Orientation
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The attraction that people feel for members of the opposite/same sex.
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Sexual Identity
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Definition of oneself that is formed around one's sexual relationships.
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Six ways sexuality is based in social and cultural context
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Human sexual attitudes and behavior vary in different cultural contexts
Sexual attitudes and behavior change over time Sexual identity is learned Social institutions channel and direct human sexuality Sex is influenced by economic forces in society Public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors. |
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Social change
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The alteration of social interactions, insitutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time.
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Macrochange
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Gradual transformations that occur on a broad scale and affect many aspects of society.
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Microchange
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Subtle alterations in the day to day interaction between people.
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Four characteristics of social change
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Social Change is uneven
Onset and consequences of social change are often unforeseen. Social change creates conflict. The direction of social change is not random. |
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Functionalist/evolutionary approach to how societies change
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From simple to complex and to a differentiated division of labor.
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Conflict approach to how societies change
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From class-based to classless society
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Cyclical Theory to how societies change
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They develop in cycles from idealistic to state culture.
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Fuctionalist/evolutionary approach to primary causes of social change
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Technology
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Conflict approach to primary cause of social change
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Economic conflict between classes
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Cyclical approach to primary cause of social change
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Necessity for growth
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How societies change from a global perspective
Modernization Theory |
Become homogenized due to technological change.
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How societies change from a global perspective
World Systems Theory |
Unequal relationships result in some nations becoming more advanced
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How societies change from a global perspective
Dependency Theory |
Successful nations control the development of less powerful nations, which become dependent on them.
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Revolution
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The overthrow of a state or the total transformation of central state institutions
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Cultural Diffusion
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The transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another.
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Three characteristics of modernization
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Modernization is typified by the decline of small, traditional communities
With increasing modernization, a society come more bureaucratized. There is a decline in the importance of religious institutions |
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Gesellschaft
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"community"
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Gemeinshcaft
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"society"
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Globalization
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The increased interconnectedness and interdependence of different societies around the world
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Collective Behavior
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Occurs when the usual conventions to guide behavior are suspended and people establish new behavior in response to an emerging situation.
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Social Movements
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Led by groups that act with some continuity and organization to promote or resist change in society.
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Six characteristics of Collective Behavior
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Always represents the actions of groups of people, not individuals
Involves new relationships in groups that arise in unexpected circumstances Emerges to meet the new needs that people in the community face Captures the novel dynamic and changing elementsof society May mark the beginning of more organized socal behavior and often precedes the establishment of formal social movements Patterned, not irrational May cause people to communicate via rumors. |
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Four elements necessary for social movements.
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Pre existing communication network
Pre existing grievance Precipitating incident Ability to mobilize. |
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Three types of social movements
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Personal transformation movemnts
Social Change Movements Reactionary Movements |
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Resource Mobilization theory
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Lindages among groups within movements
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Political Process Theory
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Vulnerability of political system to social protest
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New Social Movement
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Interconnection between social structural and cultural perspectives
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Five important themes in Environmental Sociology
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Interactive and unfinished nature of causality in environmental sociology
Interaction between the physical and the ideological Connections between global and local Central role of inequality The role of institutions in environmental problems and their solutions |
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Environmental Predicament
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Sustainability
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Social Organization of environmental problems
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Everything we do has environmental implications
The connection between the environment and our social lives is clear in how we as a human community institute the structures and motivations that pattern our lives. |
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Importance to contextualize environmental activism within the broader political context
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Politics influences environment
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Two examples of broad toxic movements that we discussed in class
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Picher, OK
Three MIle Island, Penn |
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Overreaching themes of toxic movments
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Environmental Concerns
Localized Globalized Environmental activism Social movements around different issues Political, cultural, gender, and racial contexts Toxic concerns are ont he rise Possible shifts away from blaming the victim |
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Issues associated with the American Organic Movement
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Animal Rights
Environmental stewardship Human issues (i.e. Workers' rights, right to food and equality in the food system). |
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Issues associated with the post-organic movement
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Mad Cow Disease
Outbreaks of E. Coli in domestically grown produce Possible risk with the consumption of genetically engineeered food Pesticide or funicide chemicals Riding food prices, food scarcity, and hunger issues Nutrition and obesity Localized food systems, organic agriculture and produce Environmental and agricultural sustainability |
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Agro-food movement
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A conglomeration of the ideological concerns association wit hteh organic movement and the new grievances and fears regarding developments in agricultural policy technology and practice
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Five examples of agricultural or food movements that fall under the "umbrella" of the alternative agro-food movement
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Sustainability movement
Locavore movement Fair Trade movement Pesticide movement Slow food Food justice Anti-corporate movement |
