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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polytheistic
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Belief in multiple gods.
Ex. Animism |
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Gaia hypothesis
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the theory is that living organisms and inorganic material are part of a dynamic system that shape Earth's biosphere, The earth is a self-regulating environment; a single, unified, cooperating and living system - a superorganism that regulates physical conditions to keep the environment hospitable for life Evolution therefore is the result of cooperative not competitive processes.
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Animism
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is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in other animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment
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Monotheism
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Belief in one god.
-Centralized political authority = centralized religious authority |
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Political institution
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the directing of social goals, exercise of power, and enforcement of laws
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Economic institution
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The providing of services and distribution of resources.
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Capitalism
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Private ownership and personal profit.
“Laissez-faire” |
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“Laissez-faire”
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Marketplace freedom.
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Socialism
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collective ownership
-Meeting basic needs. |
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Communism
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communal ownership and elimination of social distinctions
-Egalitarian |
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Primary sector
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extraction of raw materials.
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Secondary sector
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manufacturing goods from raw materials.
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Tertiary sector
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service and high-tech activity; knowledge producers
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Transnational integration of national economics by transnational corporations.
Internationalization of the division of labor. |
-Outsourcing to other countries.
-Off-shoring: moving economic activity overseas. |
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FINACIAL SECTOR: CREDIT AND DEBT
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Since the 1950’s the manufacturing sector has been declining, and the financial sector is doing more business.
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Postindustrial economic activity
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-Moving from producing to consuming.
-Declining wages and global competition. - Growing dominance of the financial sector and the necessity of CREDIT, which brings DEBT. |
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DEBT CLOCK
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-12 Trillion In national debt
-GDP is only 13 Trillion per year 12/3/09 |
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Personal debt
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Avg. college student has over 20K in debt
Avg. American has over 10K in CC debt 25% of all mortgages are “underwater” |
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Jobs
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Unemployment at 10.2% (highest in 26 yrs.)
15.7 million people out of work 10 million on unemployment Largest recession post WW2 |
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Responses to economic change
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Increased work hours; growth of the informal economy (ex. Garage sales)
Return to a “real” producer economy (manufacture more goods again) Return to an activist government (more oversight) |
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Politics and government
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Democracy & Capitalism
Political economists looks at the relationship between state and economy |
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Democracy
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horizontal form of power
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Capitalism
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Vertical form of power
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State
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a more permanent structure of power (ex. Constitutional separation of power)
The state is the only institution that can kill (ex. The death penalty, war) |
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Government
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formal organization that directs the political life of a society
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Power
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the ability to exercise ones will over others even when confronted with resistance
Power involves legitimacy; legitimacy = accepted exercise of power |
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Authority
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the legitimate use of power
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Theories of State Power
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Classical-Pluralism-Marxist-Power Elite-Human Ecology-Conflict Perspective
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Classical
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limit the role of the Government
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Pluralism
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different interests compete for power (lobbyists)
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Marxist
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The State is a tool that benefits the capitalist class
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Power Elite
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power is held by elites within key bureaucratic institutions
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Human Ecology
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recognizes interrelationships
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Conflict Perspective
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the environment exposes human inequalities; Treadmill of production: environmental degradation from energy hungry industrial economies; ex. Env. Justice Movement & Resource wars
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Highest water use
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Nuclear -> coal -> gas -> solar the least
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Highest CO2 emitters
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Coal -> Oil -> Gas -> Nuclear the least
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10 warmest years on record
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all are 1997 and forward
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Global warming pollutants
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CO2, Methane, Black Carbon
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“Everyone is entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts”
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by Daniel Patrick Moynihan
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Human Ecology
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recognize interrelationship; “The earth is the great workshop, the arsenal which furnishes both means and materials of labor, as well as the seat the base of the community.”
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Karl Marx & the Conflict Perspective: the environmental exposes human inequality
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-Environmental Justice Movement
-Resources wars & national conflict (Iraq) -Treadmill of production: environmental degradation from energy-hungry industrial economies |
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Global Warming Pollutants
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Carbon Dioxide = 43.15%
Methane = 29.7% Black Carbon = 11.9% |
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Biocide
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From the Dodo Bird in the 1680 - To the Yangtze River Dolphin in 2007
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Consequences of Social Change
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Accelerated pace of change
The Vertigo of Modernity Growing powerlessness Feeling of being “insignificant” when confronted with modern institutions Perpetual flux and the instability of identity We have become “image” or “other” directed Anxiety over the future |
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Accelerated pace of change
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“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned” (Karl Marx)
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C. Wright Mills’ “Power Elite"
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Interlocking Directorates
Who Rules American (William Domhoff) |
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War & State Power
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1) C. Wright Mills’ theory connects war and power in modern societies
2) The “Military Industrial Complex” - An interlocking of the federal government, the military, and the corporate defense industry 3) 2010, US military exp. = $671.1 billion - Add Homeland Security, debt on wars, & DoD contracts total increases to $1.14 Trillion - Defense Consumes 44.4% of Taxes 4) Today war “legitimates” US power, and is a “marketing strategy” for corporate to “display” their defense industries technology for the global weapons market |
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Peace Dividend?
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Increase in military spending since 1999
US 67% India 64% Saudi Arabia 81% Russia 172% China 194% |
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Electoral Politics (voting)
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1) The United States is a “Representative Democracy,” dominated by a two party system
- Parliamentary (multi-party system) 2) Electoral politics depends on voter participation - In 2000, 50% of eligible voters participated - 2004 = 60% - 2008 = 62% - A record 131 million voters & 68.6 million voted for Obama (also a record) |
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House & Senate (2008)
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1) House Spent: $936 million
- Dems: $489 -Reps: $442 - Average Spent per candidate: $680, 328 2) Senate spent: $418 million - Dems: $217 million - Reps: $200 million - Average per candidate: $2, 490, 821 |
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Aggregate Political Spending
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1) 2000: 3 billion
2) 2004: 4 billion 3) 2006; 3.2 billion 4) 2008: 5.4 billion - Presidential candidates raised 1.75 billion |
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Social Change
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1) The transformation of cultural and social institutions over time; change is…
a. Always happening b. Either intentional or unplanned c. Controversial d. Some change is more relevant than others |
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Types of Social Change
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1) Cultural & Technological
2) Social & Economic 3) Demographic: Humans are a “super-species” 4) Environmental |
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Social Movements & Change
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1) Movements: organized collective action to facilitate social change
2) Social Movement Theory a. Relative Deprivation: comparing myself to others b. Resource Mobilization: accumulating the necessary resources to promote change i. Money & Membership c. New Social Movements: changes in cultural ideas & social behaviors i. 1970 Earth Day & environmental |
