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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2007 median household income
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$50,233
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federal minimum wage
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7.25/hr
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Oscar Lewis
Patrick Moynihan |
Cultur of povery explanation (not result of individual inadequacies, but outcome of larger social/cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized)
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Charles Murray
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dependency culture of poverty explanation - individuals rely on state welfare provision rather than entering labor market
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explanations of poverty
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Culture of poverty
dependency culture loss of manufacturing growth of corporations knowledge economy decline in labor union membership |
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Sociological Theories of Stratification
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Marx: bourgeoisie vs. proletariat
Weber: class and status Davis & Moore: functionalism |
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class
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economic dimension that does not include property; differences in skills, marketable qualifications, and credentials
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status
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social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by members of society. normally display distinct styles of life - consumption patterns, ways of behaving, dress, etc - that set them apart from other groups
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Pierre Bourdieu
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Distinction: Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (1979-84)
Described how economic class is reinforced by cultural capital |
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cultural capital
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economic elites create cultural distinctions and pass them on to their children
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types of stratification systems
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slavery
caste class |
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slavery
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extreme form of inequality in which certain people are owned as property by others
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caste
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social system in which one's social status is given for life
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class
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socioeconomic variations btwn. groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power
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ways of measuring class
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1. income
2. wealth 3. education 4. occupational prestige |
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religion
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cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide sense of ultimate meaning/purpose by creating idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural
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Durkheim's view on religion
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-all religious beliefs either classify things as sacred or profane
-religions meet needs of humans, reinforce morals and social norms, and express collective realities |
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Sociological Theories of Deviance
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Functionalist: creates social cohesion, results from structural strains in society (tensions w/in every society btwn. cultural goals and the means to achieve these goals), happens in subcultures developed to collectively respond to structures and strains in societies
Symbolic Interactionist: deviance learned behavior reinforced thru group membership, can occur from process of social labeling (labeling theory) Conflict: results from inequality in society, elite deviance mostly unrecognized, focus is on street crime, dominant classes control definitions of and sanctions attached to deviance Control: crime occurs as result of imbalance btwn impulses toward criminal activity and the social/physical controls that deter it (broken windows) |
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US incarceration rate
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2 million people
highest in the world |
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% Minorities in prison
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60%;
40% African Americans 20% Latino |
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Death Row (how many, what percent black)
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3,374
42% black |
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Cost of white collar crime to society
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$200 billion/yr
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Cost of street crime to society
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$15 billion/yr
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Deviance
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nonconformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society
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Functionalist perspective of education
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view education in terms of "functions" it provides to make larger society more harmonious:
-inculcates students into national identity -socializes them to meet requirements of society -shapes them as citizens |
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Conflict Theorist/Marxist perspective of education
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mass education in capitalist system perpetuates class system, encourages certain personality traits that are desirable in workers (obedience, punctuality, dependability)
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Jonathan Kozol
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-Savage Inequalities: Children in American Schools (1991)
-1988-90 journalist who studied 30 neighborhoods in US -found that racial segregation still prevalent in educational system, and schools in poorer minority areas underequipped, staffed, funded -unsystematic sampling |
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James Coleman
Christopher Jenks |
Between-school effects
-disparities in resources made less difference in student achievement than previously supposed -children's backgrounds (home, neighborhood, peer environment) created differences in student achievement |
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Jeannie Oakes
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Within-school effects:
-found that practically all schools engage in tracking -tracking: dividing students based on perceived similarities in ability or attainment -tracking disadvantaged minority and poor students |
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Weber's view of religion
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-looked at how religion shaped social and economic life in different societies
-Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism: how certain belief systems in Protestantism aided in creating strong capitalist economies in Protestant countries -East did not develop as quickly in terms of commerce or industrialization |
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Marx's view of religion
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religion used to keep masses pacified, decreased revolutionary potential
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Interest groups
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employ paid lobbyists who work to influence legislators on variety of issues
-ex: AARP, National Rifle Association |
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PACS
Political Action Committees |
set up by interest group to distribute money for election campaigns;
raise about 1/3 of all funding; can accept no more than $5,000 from individual -can give up to $5000 to candidate and run ads saying whatever it wants |
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McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Law (2002)
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attempted to limit soft money being funneled from corporations or wealthy individuals into elections; limited $2K contribution for individuals and $25 to political parties
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527 Groups
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-"issue oriented advocacy"
-can accept unlimited $ and engage in ads which serve to sway elections ex: Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org |
