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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functionalist Perspective
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each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state.
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Conflict Perspective
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originated primarily out of Karl Marx's writings. Focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak.
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Symbolic Interactionist Theory
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directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead (1863–1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s.
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Postmodernist Perspective of Deviance
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Postmodernists perspective on deviance examine the intertwining nature of knowledge, power, and technology on social control and discipline. Technologies make widespread surveillance and disciplinary power possible in many settings.
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Social Control Theory
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- It proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial.
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Strain Theory
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the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
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Differential Association Theory
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the proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
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Labeling Theory
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the proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others.
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Modernization Theory
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- a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.
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Dependency Theory
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the belief that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries.
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World Systems Theory
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explores the role and relationships between societies (and the subsequent changes produced by them). A theory primarily developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi and Andre Gunder Frank in response to the many new activities in the capitalist world-economy during the mid 1970s, world-systems theory is derived from two key intellectual sources, the neo-Marxist literature on development and the French Annales School and Fernand Braudel.
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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The hypothesis that frustration leads to aggressive behaviour. Frustration develops when an aggressor is unable to attain a goal. Aggression is usually directed towards the cause of the frustration, but if this is not possible, the aggression maybe displaced onto another person or object.
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Authoritarian Personality
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- is an influential theory of personality developed by University of California, Berkeley psychologists, Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford in their 1950 book of the same name. The personality type is defined by nine traits that were believed to cluster together as the result of psychodynamic, childhood experiences. These traits are conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotypy, power and "toughness," destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and exaggerated concerns over sexuality.
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Split-Labor-Market Theory
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a three-way conflict between the Capitalist and two labor groups with the Capitalist seeking to displace higher paid workers by cheaper labor. A split labor market occurs when the price of labor for the same work differs for at least two groups or would differ if they performed the same work.
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Internal Colonialism
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political and economic inequalities between regions within a single society. The term may be used to describe the uneven effects of state development on a regional basis and to describe the exploitation of minority groups within the wider society.
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Theory of Racial Formation
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developed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial categories is determined by social, economic, and political forces
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Critical Race Theory
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a way of looking at race relations, particularly within the United States, in a broader context than the traditional civil rights approach. The theory began sometime in the mid-1970s, as a number of people in the legal profession began to worry about the slow rate at which laws were changing to promote racial equality.
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Primary Deviation
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the initial act of rule-breaking.
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Secondary Deviation
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the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.
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Tertiary Deviance
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deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non-deviant.
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Anomie
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is a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.
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Innovator
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to introduce something new; make changes in anything established.
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Ritualist
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One who practices or advocates the observance of ritual.
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Retreatist
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the rejection of culturally prescribed goals and the conventional means for attaining them.
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Rebel
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a person who stands up for their own personal opinions despite what anyone else says.
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Retribution
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- the dispensing or receiving of reward or punishment especially in the hereafter.
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Incapacitation
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the effect of a sentence in terms of positively preventing (rather than merely deterring) future offending.
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Political Crime
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illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.
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Organized Crime
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a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.
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Corporate Crime
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illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.
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Public Order Crime
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crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently
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Property Crime
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burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime), motor vehicle theft , larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson.
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Slavery
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an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others.
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Caste
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a system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents' ascribed characteristics.
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Class
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- a type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work that people do.
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Life Chances
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Max Weber's term for the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
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Income
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the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (governmental aid), and ownership of property.
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Wealth
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the value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property.
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Prestige
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the respect or regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others.
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Power
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according to Max Weber, the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
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Meritocracy
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a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials.
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Means of Production
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are things used by human laborers to create products
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Deindustrialization
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a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region
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Alienation
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- a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.
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Capitalist Class
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Karl Marx's term for the class that consists of those who own and control the means of production.
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Working Class
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those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.
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Core
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according to world systems theory, dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.
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Periphery
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according to world systems theory, nations that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization (other than what may be brought in by core nations), and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
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Semi-Periphery
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according to world systems theory, nations that are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations.
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Gross Domestic Product
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the market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation in a year.
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Gini Coefficient
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used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. A low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution.
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Life Expectancy
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the average number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is the average expected lifespan of an individual.
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Absolute Poverty
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a level of economic deprivation that exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
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Relative Poverty
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a condition that exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
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Poverty Line
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the federal income standard that is based on what is considered to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level.
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Feminization of Poverty
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the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
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Race
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a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape.
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Ethnicity
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ethnic traits, background, allegiance, or association
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Prejudice
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a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups.
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Discrimination
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actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.
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Stereotype
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overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
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Scapegoat
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a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.
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Genocide
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the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
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De Jure Segregation
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racial separation forced by specific laws
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De Facto Segregation
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De Facto is a term pertaining to racial discrimination or segregation that was present during the fifties and sixties. This term was simply discrimination that was NOT segregation by law.
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Cultural Assimilation
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when an individual or individuals adopts some or all aspects of a dominant culture (such as its religion, language, norms, values etc.).
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Structural Assimilation
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The incorporation into society of an ethnic group so that it has equal access to the major associations and institutions.
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