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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the world work according to functionalism?
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complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
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How does the world work according to conflict theory?
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it is an arena of power struggles and change is inevitable
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How does the world work according to symbolic interaction?
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society is created through the everyday interaction of individuals.
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Ascribed Status
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Race, gender - born with it
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Achieved Status
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Earn it through individual efforts. (college graduate, drug dealer)
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Roles
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behaviors associated with our statuses (you occupy a status & play a role)
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Role Conflict
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The tension that occurs when the behaviors associated with various roles are not compatable. (work/family, student/athlete)
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Role Strain
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conflicting expectations within the same role (parent - nurture/dicipline)
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Role Exit
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when you will no longer be in possesion of a particular role (graduation, divorce)
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Material Culture
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the goods we use
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Immaterial Culture
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values and norms
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Values
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collective conceptions of what is considered good and proper
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Norms
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Rules that people are expected to observe. mores, folkways, taboos, anomie.
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Mores
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laws, cheating, murder, theft
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Folkways
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least serious (urinal)
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Taboos
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most serious (incest, canibelism)
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Subcultures
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shared cultural patterns that distinguish a group from the dominant culture. (football players, cowboys)
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Countercultures
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groups whose norms & values stand in direct contrast to the dominant culture. (The People's Temple)
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Sex
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biological factors: hormones, reproductive organs etc.
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Gender
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physical, behavioral and personality traits that a group considers to be normal for its males and female members
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Why is gender socially constructed?
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our understandings of male and female are based on our cultural norms
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Gender according to functionalists
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certain roles are best suited for one gender over another.
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Gender according to conflict theorists
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when those roles are assigned to ascribed statuses it is problematic because the rewards of each role are quite different.
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Why is race socially constructed?
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The differences that separate people of one race from those of another are cultural – not biological or inherent. there is no scientific bases for race.
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Functionalist perspective on Schools
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Manifest, latent and dysfunctions of schools
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Manifest Functions
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(basic positive outcome) universal discontinuity, teach knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values, social integration, gatekeeping
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Latent Functions
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(unintended postive) Matchmaking, reducing crime rate, reducing unemployment
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Dysfunctions
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(unintended negative consequence) Replacing families...literally or come to idolize teacher or peers & replace opinions w/parents (learn poor behavior, valure, bullying, eating disorders)
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Symbolic Interactionist perspective on schools
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credentialed society, cultural capital, teacher expectancy effect
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Credentialed Society
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Randall Collins - ppl impressed by lists but not all lists
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Cultural Captial
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Pierre Bourdieu - socially knowing how to behave, tests, knowledge and ways of behaving indicate competence. This is rewarded
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Teacher Expectancy Effect
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impact that a teacher's expectations about students performance may have on the student's actual achievements.
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Ray Rist
Rosenthal and Jacobson "spurters" |
Did case studies on teacher expectancy effect
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Ray Rist (1970)
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goes to kindergarten classroom, at end of first day teacher splits up kids, categorizes them by rows. kids in front do best, decreases by row. Teacher tells 1st gr. teacher what to expect (informal tracking system). Each row ends up being by social class the wealthiest in the front.
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Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) "spurters"
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randomly picked kids based on this test (tells teacher the student is very smart and going to do very well.) At the end of the year the same test is given to all the kids, spurters do the best, particularly did better than kids who had previously done better than them. *Academic performance increases simply b/c the teach was told the child was a spurter
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Social Conflict on Education
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our education system perpetuates economic inequality because the quality of education received differs according to the school. (Money=Good Education=Money)
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What works in education according to the social conflict
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-quality teachers
-smaller class sizes -access to high quality after-school programs -advanced curricula -modern learning facilities |
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Funding Disparities
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Education in Chicago Case Study: 6,413 students in one suburb had the same amt spent on them as did all the students in Chicago public schools ($290 mil) but these suburban districts are able to tax themselves a lower percentage b/c of their income
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Sociological Definition of Family
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"two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, partnership or adoption."
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Kinship
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relationships that are based on blood or marriage
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Consanguineal Relatives
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those to whom we are related through birth or blood
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Affinal Relatives
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those to whom we are related through marriage
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Fictive Relatives
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relationships that are not based on blood or marriage, but are nonetheless important ex. adoption
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Functionalism and the family
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-it is better for a capitalistic society to have smaller mobile families; can move around
-better than having strong ties to the extended family, which limits mobility |
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Talcott Parsons: 6 Functions of the Family
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-economic production
-socialization of children -care of the sick and aged -recreation -sexual control (monogamous relationships) -reproduction |
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The government has left the family with only two functions
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-primary socialization of children
-the stabilization of Human Adult Personalities (emotional security) |
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Marriage Movement
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-marriage is good for adults and children
-issues of morality surrounding marriage -issues of health and safety and economic strength -married couple pool $, make better investments, live in safer environment, etc. -married ment |
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Diversity Defenders
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The belief that alternative family styles can have positive outcomes for children when this family style is supported.
-Marriage is not equal in outcomes for men and women |
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Problems with Functionalism
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-not all families are functional
-historically a certain level of family violence has been accepted |
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Social Conflict on Families
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The 1950's guide to how the woman should behave when the husband arrives home from work
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2nd Shift (Social Conflict)
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women who work outside the home are still expected to fulfill a larger portion of the housecleaning and cild rearing duties than men are.
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Work-Home Crunch
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-two working parents adds a crunch to work/family dichotomy because when just one person works then the other is available to do everything.
-Parents feel more appreciated at work then home. -Patterns common at work starting to be common at home |
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Symbolic Interactionism on Families
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The symbolic meaning of family
-marriage -death -birth |
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Race and Social Distance
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People have come to view race as less of a marker of social distance.
-still stick to traditional markers such as class and education -particularly true for small groups |
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Religion in America
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51.3% Protestant
23.9% Catholic 16.1% claim no religious affiliation 1.7% are Jewish .6% are Muslim |
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World Religion
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33.1% Christian
13.3% Hindu 20.3% Islam .2% Jewish 5.9% Buddhist |
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Substantive Definition of Religion
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religion has some kind of unique content or substance taht separates it from other forms of knowledge and belief.
"The human enterprise by which a sacred cosmos is established." |
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Religious Experience
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-refers to the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimat reality. (born again, or profound life altering experience)
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Religious Beliefs
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statements to which members of a particular religion adhere to
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Ecclesiae
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includes the majority of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion. Ex. Islam in Saudi Arabi
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Denominations
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a large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government
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Sect
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small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers to be the original version of the faith. (Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventists)
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Cult
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Small religious group that represents a new faith or community
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Social Integration
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the way that religions of all differnt types hold people together.
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Social Stratification
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a structured ranking of entire groups of ppl that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society (class, race, gender)
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Percentage of wealth held by top 10%
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69.8%
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Gender pay gap
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Women are payed $0.82 to every dollar
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Max Weber
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Status is made up of three things
Power- ability to assert your will over others in conventional settings Prestige- social honor granted to ppl b/c of membership in social groups Property- income, wealth (having one leads to the other so socio-economic classes need to be divided considering these three things) |
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Davis and Moore Thesis
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-Social stratification is good for society.
-People will work harder with the incentive of extreme success or extreme failure -Therefore need to have high income inequality to motivate ppl -This will funnel the most talented and successful ppl into the most important positions |
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Problems with Davis and Moore Thesis
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-assumes ppl are motivated by money
-ignores structural influences -ignores inheritance -most important jobs not paid the most |
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Social Conflict on Stratification
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based on ideas
-these ideas reinforce the position of the upper levels in the stratification hierarchy and become social truths |
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Racial Stratification
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the rank ordering of racial groups in a hierarchy where those at the top receive the greatest access to the rewards and resources of society
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Race
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based on perceived physical differences
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Ethnicity
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based on perceived cultural differences
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3 Eras of racial stratification
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1. Pre-Civil War (pre 1861)
2. Jim Crow (1876-1965) 3. Modern Era (1965-present) |
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Pre-Civil War (pre 1861)
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Chattel Slavery- slaves aren't considered human
Original Census 1790- free whilte males, free white females other Native Americans- forced to assimilate, limited rights, disease and decimation |
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The Civil Rights Act 1866
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Pre-Civil War- declared that all persons born in the US were now citizens, without regard to race, color or previous condition
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Jim Crow Era 1876-1965
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Repeal of 1866 Civil Rights Act because it was a violation of the States Rights (separate but equal)
-opened door for states to enact legislation that restricted access to rewards and resources of non-white Americans |
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Changing Jim Crow
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-WWI WWII Vets
-Cold War -NAACP etc. -Moving out of South -Moving into Urban Centers -Working outside of Agriculture -Gaining Access to social resources -Civil Rights Legislation |
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Modern Era 1965-present
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hurdles that restrict access to reward and resources of society (one lane has hurdles & one doesn't)
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Modern Day Racism
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behaviors still exist in society today...but are much more covert and difficult to prosecute.
-isolation, higher standards, mocking, "jokes" |
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Prejudice
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An assumption that the "other" race is a. similar to one another, b. unlike the self, c. inherently inferior
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Discrimination
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the action of treating someone unequally because of their association with a group or category of people. Involves power and behavior
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Colorblind Ideology
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the assertion that racism and racial discrimination are no longer relevant barriers to social success
-discourages honest discussion of racism -encourages individual solutions |
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Abstract Liberalism
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De-contextualizing race allows for the "hurdles" to persist
-Supporting equal opportunities w/out regard for persistent racial inequalities |
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Naturalization
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normalization of residential segregation or social segregation as natural or just the way things are
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