Sociology Final

Front 1

Sociological Imagination

Back 1

trains our minds to focus on the impact of cultural norms and social forces in our private lives

Front 2

Cultural Tools

Back 2

Abstraction- thinking up an idea
Cooperation- society helping to shape the idea
Production- using nature to create the idea

Front 3

Democratic Revolution

Back 3

American (1750- 1783) & French (1789- 1799)
taught people that if they were willing to pay the price they could replace oppressive rulers and power systems

Front 4

Scientific Revolution

Back 4

1550s
new ideas emerged that challenged the myths and core of people's understanding of history

Front 5

Industrial Revolution

Back 5

1750- 1850
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the times

Front 6

Ethnomethodology

Back 6

sociological study of rules and rituals underlying ordinary social activities and interactions

Front 7

Charles Cooley's Looking Glass Self

Back 7

people learning the meaning of themselves by observing how people act towards them

Front 8

Fowler's Faith Levels

Back 8

primal faith/ basic reliance
intuitive- projective
mythical literal
synthetic conventional
individual reflective
conjunctive/ paradoxal
universalizing

Front 9

non-material
and
material culture

Back 9

composed of symbols, norms, and other non-tangible elements

physical items shaping our lives and to be members of society

Front 10

Symbols

Back 10

elements of a society to construct, develop, transport and maintain meaning

Front 11

Norms

Back 11

establish the cooperation in a society used to create a general way of doing life

Front 12

Values

Back 12

what is right and wrong, express the amount or content of meaning, correctness and importance attached to such symbols

Front 13

Sanction

Back 13

direct social response to some behavior- for violating a society's norm

Front 14

Master Attributes

Back 14

status that is most influential in shaping someone's life at a given time

Front 15

Ascribed Status

Back 15

acquired by birthright or entered involuntarily later in life

Front 16

Achieved Status

Back 16

social positions taken on involuntarily or acquired through ones effort and accomplishments

Front 17

Role Conflict

Back 17

when 2 or more statuses are held at the same time; place contradictory role demands on a person

Front 18

Impression Management

Back 18

process by which people attempt to present a favorable image of themselves

Front 19

Emotion Management

Back 19

how we catch or manage our emotional selves in public and private

Front 20

Emotion Labor

Back 20

emotion management that people do as a part of their job for which they are paid

Front 21

Erv Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Back 21

social interaction as a sort of play in which people present themselves to appear in the best possible light

Front 22

Front Stage

Back 22

actors must maintain appropriate appearances for their audience

Front 23

Back Stage

Back 23

being careful to preserve the barrier between their performances and their out of character images

Front 24

Performance Teams

Back 24

set of individuals that also engage in impression management

Front 25

Stigma

Back 25

person's identity may be permanently spoiled in the eyes of others

Front 26

Ideology

Back 26

the body of doctrine or though that guides an individual, social movement, institution or group

Front 27

Bureaucracy's 3 Characteristics

Back 27

division of labor- specified jobs
hierarchy of authority- pyramid shaped structure of authority
impersonality- system of formal and impersonal rules and regulations that ensure things will be done the same way by all

Front 28

Globalization

Back 28

transformation of world societies in terms of flaws of people, goods, capitals, and ideas across boundaries and cultures

Front 29

Proxemics

Back 29

behaviors and expectations of others' behaviors in or around our personal space

Front 30

Reification

Back 30

process of assigning meaning to an object or symbol for the purposes of communicating

Front 31

Social Stratification
(class definition)

Back 31

the way society is organized in layers or strata and that some groups or classes will always have more and others less, they will always compete with each other

Front 32

Social Stratification
(assumptions)

Back 32

some jobs are more important than others; inequality is required to motivate people to undergo sacrifices to train for jobs; unavoidable and necessary for society to run smoothly

Front 33

Social Dilemmas

Back 33

occur when individuals in a group pursue their personal interests instead of working to achieve a common goal

Front 34

Tragedy of the Commons

Back 34

when individuals acting in their short term interests impede the long term collective heeds of the group

Front 35

Free-rider Problem

Back 35

individuals use common resources without contributing to the maintenance of these resources

Front 36

Exchange Theory

Back 36

proposes that social interaction involves trade in values resources

Front 37

Medicalization in relation to social control and behavior

Back 37

destroys the legitimacy of deviant behavior
how a profession or organization can construct a belief system about the causes and solutions to social problems

Front 38

Deviance

Back 38

behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative response

Front 39

Everyday Deviances

Back 39

occasional improprieties that temporarily make individuals as improper to the agreed norms

Front 40

Violent Crime

Back 40

intentional act of one person that harms an involuntary victim

Front 41

Law and Order

Back 41

what people have agreed to submit to for the beneficial function of many; group must be assigned to authority to maintain order

Front 42

Absolutism
vs
Realism

Back 42

2 types of people; good and bad

society is composed of several groups of different values and interests

Front 43

Motivational Theories

Back 43

identify the social factors that drive people to commit deviant acts and crime

Front 44

Strain Theory and Adaptions
(Merton)

Back 44

people may turn to deviance when they experience a contradiction between their culturally defined goals and their access to socially approved means for achieving them

conformity/ innovation/ ritualism/ retreatism/ rebellion

Front 45

Social Elements of Deviance

Back 45

1) rules/ laws- behavioral expectation or norm about appropriate behavior
2) disorder/ crime- a real or accused violation of the expectations
3) sanction/court- an audience reaction to the deviance in an ordered process

Front 46

Constraint Theories
(definition)

Back 46

identify the social factors that are intended to limit or control deviance and crime

Front 47

Constraint Theories
(4 social bonds)

Back 47

attachment
commitment
involvement
beliefs

Front 48

Labeling Theory

Back 48

examines process by which certain people come to be identified as deviant and what subsequently happens to a person's self- concept and interactions with others

Front 49

Life Chances

Back 49

ways in which people's opportunities in life are related to their place in society

Front 50

Pariochial View

Back 50

person whose experience is limited to one way of viewing reality

Front 51

Pluralism

Back 51

when one realizes there are many ways of perceiving reality, reality becomes relative to one's circumstances

Front 52

Cynicism

Back 52

the attitude that there are no absolute truths

Front 53

Skepticism

Back 53

the attitude that the whole truth about reality is not yet known, that our knowledge is incomplete

Front 54

Race
and
Ethnicity

Back 54

cultural heritage shared by a category of people with a common ancestry

label defined by physical attributes

Front 55

Stereotype

Back 55

over generalized beliefs that a certain trait, behavior or attitude characterizes all members of a group

Front 56

Prejudice

Back 56

unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a racial or ethnic group

Front 57

Urban Tolerance

Back 57

cities foster tolerance for differences in behavior or group lifestyles simply because boundaries and rules of civil inattention exist

Front 58

Building Blocks of a Relationship

Back 58

INTIMACY C
Mutuality O
Conflict Resolution M
Communication M
Bonding and Nurture I
T
M
E
N
T

Front 59

Social Capital

Back 59

refers to the connections that people have to one another and the accompanying norms of reciprocity, shared moral values, and trust

Front 60

Nuclear Family

Back 60

composed of a cohabiting man and woman who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child

Front 61

Extended Family

Back 61

expands the nuclear family "vertically" by adding another generation to the household

Front 62

Family System Types

Back 62

closed- patriarchial pr matriarchial, rigid about rules and change, loyalty
open- partnership, rules and change are discussed
random- individuals make own decisions, sanctions are fluid, creativity is tolerated

Front 63

Indications of Religiosity

Back 63

1) strength of belief
2) emotional attachment to religion
3) knowledge of religion
4) frequency of rituals
5) frequency of principles of everyday life

Front 64

Durkheim's collective conscience

Back 64

when people live together, they come to share common sentiments and values

Front 65

Meritocracy

Back 65

stratification system in which equality of opportunity allows people to rise and fall to a position that matches their talent and effort

Front 66

Pre- industrial Cities

Back 66

different from industrial cities; they were smaller, less densly populated, built with protective walls organized around a central square and places of worship

Front 67

Internal Divisions

Back 67

divisions of private interest, public authority, and social divisions that serve to structure the population into an urban form

Front 68

Public Places

Back 68

initially places in which to reflect community life and to control the public

Front 69

The Street

Back 69

has an economic function and social significance, purpose is traffic, exchange of goods, social exchange and communications

Front 70

Corporate City

Back 70

growing post WWII perception and organization of the North American city as a vehicle for capital accumulation

Front 71

Gated Communities

Back 71

areas where upper middle class residents pay high taxes to keep the community patrolled by security guards to protect them from the "outside world"

Front 72

Exurbs

Back 72

rural residential areas within commuting distance to the city

Front 73

Edge Cities

Back 73

exurban clusters of malls, offices, and entertainment complexes that arise at the convergent point of major highways

Front 74

Postmodern City

Back 74

new phenomenon that has emerged alongside the legacy of old urban forms since 1970
privatized, fragmented, and globalized

Front 75

Spatial Ordering

Back 75

affects ways in which groups associate with particular geographical are as well as the function of these areas

Front 76

Civil Inattention

Back 76

unspoken rule about when people are forced to recognize others' presence while trying to minimize the possibility of a focused interaction with them

Front 77

Collective Action

Back 77

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

Front 78

Social Change

Back 78

collective enterprises to establish a new order of life:
have their inception in the condition of unrest, and derive their motive power on one hand from dissatisfaction with the current form of life, and on the other hand, from wishes and hopes for a new scheme or system of living

Front 79

Revolutionary Movement

Back 79

a social movement advancing exclusive competing claims to control of the state, or some segment of it

Front 80

Frame Alignment

Back 80

the way in which social movements must address the existing frames or ways of looking at the world held by prospective members
forms

Front 81

McDonaldilization

Back 81

predictability, calculability, efficiency, and control

Front 82

Memmi's 4 major emphasis of his definition of racism

Back 82

1. Differences, real or imagined, generate out of biological distinctions between people groups.
2. Those differences are then assigned a negative value in relation to the racist and his or her victim.
3. The difference is generalized with the idea that if it is true for one it must be true for all and that results in redefining a people group as biologically inferior or evil. Generalization strips the individual of unique identity and turns them into myth or worse. "there is said to be a sort of absolute black man, a kind of absolute Jew".
4. As racism creates an anxious guilt in the accuser he or she resolves it by way of social justification

Front 83

Primary
and
Secondary Groups

Back 83

Primary: A small social group whose members share person and lasting relationships. Relationships we expect to last like close friends and family.

Secondary: A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Impersonal relationships like school and carpooling.

Front 84

Kurth-Schai's liberationists and protectionist

Back 84

liberationists- gain rights for children and the ability for them to be treated the same as adults

protectionist- children’s needs, abilities, concerns, and aspirations are significantly different than those of adults

Front 85

Structural Functionalism

Back 85

assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures

assumptions:
operates at a macro level
elements of a society or culture are structured to maintain social order
social order emerges out of individual and institutional cooperation
if an aspect of society exists, it must be functional or contribute to the survival and smooth operation of society
human behavior is governed by stable patters of social relations or social structures

Front 86

Conflict Theory

Back 86

society is composed of groups that come into fierce conflict and competition for scarce resources
assumptions-
operates on a macro level
emphasizes the observation and criticism of power differentials, dominance, and inequality
promotes the systematic dominance of society by those in power and that elements of society are structured so as to maintain this power and privilege
social order is enforced by those in power to specifically serve their own interests

Front 87

Symbolic Interactionism

Back 87

micro level perspective which focuses on how daily interactions create maintain social order
assumptions-
society is structured and maintained through everyday interactions and people's subjective definitions of their worlds

Front 88

Postmodernism

Back 88

there are no absolutes- no claims to truth, reason, right, order, or stability
everything is therefore relative- fragmented, temporary, and contingent
assumptions:
process truth or information relationally rather tha propositionally

Front 89

Kurth-Schai's multi dimensional system of social ethics

Back 89

look up