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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The systematic study of human society
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Sociology
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A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
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Structural Functional Approach
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Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
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Social Structure
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The Consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
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Social Functions
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The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
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Manifest functions
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The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
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Latent Functions
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Framework for building Theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
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Symbolic Interaction Approach
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What is Max Weber's claim is the basis of the social interaction approach?
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People's beliefs and values shape society
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Discipline of sociology first developed in what?
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Countries experiencing rapid social change
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Which term recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern?
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Manifest functions
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A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
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Multiculturalism
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The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
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Culture
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A personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
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Cultural Shock
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The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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Ethnocentrism
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U.S culture holds a strong belief in
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Individuality
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Judging another culture using the standards of your own culture is an example of what?
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Ethnocentrism
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Which Theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?
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Social-conflict Approach
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The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
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Industrialism
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What society show greater specialization of work and show increasing levels of social inequality?
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Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
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What society expand into vast empires and have extreme social inequality?
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Agrarian Societies
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What society shifts production from heavy machinery making material things to computers and related technology processing information?
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Post Industrial Societies
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What develops our humanity as well as our particular personalities?
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Socialization
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A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?
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Personality
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What case makes clear that humans depend on others to provide the care and nurture needed not only for physical growth but also for personality to develop?
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Anna
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This concept is grounded not in biology but in culture. In high-income countries.
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Childhood
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Social class position affects socialization: Lower-class parents tend to stress_______, and well-to-do parents stress__________.
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Obedience; creativity
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A system by which a society ranks categories of people in hierarchy
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Social Stratification
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Lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
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Blue-Collar occupations
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Higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
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White-Collar occupations
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A caste system is social stratification based on
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Birth
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The wealthiest 20% of people in the US own about how much of the country's privately owned wealth?
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85%
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In the United States, average income for African American families is what share of average income for non-hispanic white families?
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56%
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Change in social position during a person's own lifetime is called?
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Intragenrational social mobility
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What share of the US population was officially counted as poor?
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12.6%
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The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
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Gender
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Comparing fulll-time U.S. workers, women earn ____ as much as men.
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77%
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In the United States, what share of women work for income?
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59%
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Socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
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Race
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a shared cultural heritage
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Ethnicity
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Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
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Minority
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A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
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Prejudice
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Unequal treatment of various categories of people
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Discrimination
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Race refers to __________ considered important by a society, and ethnicity refers to ________.
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Biological traits; cultural traits
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A minority is defined as a category of people who
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are defined as both different and disadvantaged
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Prejudice is a matter of ________, and discrimination is a matter of _______.
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attitudes; behavior
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The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
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Economy
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A productive system based on service work and high technology
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Post Industrial Economy
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An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
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Socialism
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A hypothetical economic and political system in which all members of a society are socially equal
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Communism
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The early textile factories in New England, which marked the start of the Industrial Revolution in the US employed by...
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Mostly women who were paid half the wages earned by men
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Building houses and making cars are examples of production in which economic secter?
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The Secondary Sector
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This marks the rise of a postindustrial economy
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The development of computer technology
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Today what share of the U.S. labor force has industrial jobs?
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1/5
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A capitalist society's approach to economic "justice" amounts to
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Freedom of the Marketplace
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Socialist economies differ from capitalist economies in that they
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create more economic equality
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A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including children
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Family
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A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family
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Extended Family
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A family composed of one or two parents and their children; also known as a conjugal family
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Nuclear Family
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Marriage between people of the same social category
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Endogamy
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Marriage between people of different social categories
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Exogamy
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Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
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Polygamy
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Marriage that unites one man and two or more women: Islamic, Middle East and Africa.
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Polygyny
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Marriage that unites one women and two or more men; Tibet
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Polyandry
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affection and sexual passion for another person
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Romantic Love
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Sociologist claim that marriage in the United States follows the principle of homogamy, which means that partners are
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People who are socially alike in terms of class, age, and race.
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Which theoretical approach states that people select partners who have the same to offer as they do?
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The Social exchange Approach
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A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred
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Religion
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A type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
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Church
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Are religious organizations based on new and unconventional beliefs and practices
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Cults
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A type of Religious organizations that stands apart from the larger society
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Sect
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Belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence
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Faith
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West have a clear focus on God as a distinct entity
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Christianity, Islam, Judaism
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Eastern Religions that see divine power in everything..have ethical codes for living.
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Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism
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Protestant Denominations Percentage in the US
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52.7%
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Catholic Denomination Percentage in the US
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23.3
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What term did Emile Durkheim use to refer to the everyday elements of our lives?
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Profane
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Faith or belief in religious matters, is best described as
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Conviction in things unseen
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What is not one of the important functions of religion according to Durkheim?
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Generating social conflict
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The term "secularization" refers to what?
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The decline in the importance of religion and the sacred
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The social institution for transmitting knowledge and skills, as well as teaching cultural norms and vaules
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Education
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What percentage of U.S. college students are in community College
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40%
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What share of U.S. adult population has completed high school?
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85%
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What percentage have college degrees?
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28%
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U.S. adults that are overweight
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2/3
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Poor Nations suffer from what?
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Inadequate sanitation, hunger, and other problems linked to poverty
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IN the very poorest nations of the world today, a majority of people die before reaching
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Their teens
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Social epidemiology is the study of
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The distribution of health and illness in a population
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What is the largest cause of death among young people in the US
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Accidents
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In the US, which category of people has the highest life expectancy?
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White women
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The study of human population
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Demography
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The movement of people into and out of a specified territory
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Migration
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Which region of the world has both the lowest birth rate and the lowest infant mortality rate?
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Europe
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Typically, high income nations grow mostly from _________, and low income nations grow from __________.
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Immigration; natural increase
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In general, the higher the average income of a country,
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the slower the population increases
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