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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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correctionalism |
Research conducted by mainstream liberal/positivist criminologists designed to unmask the weak and powerless members of society so they can be better dealt with by the legal system. The powerful use their position insociety to “criminalize” those (the powerless) who disagree with them. - critical criminology theories |
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status frustration: theory, theorist: |
- Albert cohen - Subcultural theory - status frustration can be referred to as working-class male delinquency being a reaction formation towards their inability to achieve mainstream success goals by legitimate means such as education etc. Cohen had argued that such youths who are unableto adapt to middle class measuring rods, such as schooling and employment, werelikely to fail legitimate attempts in gaining entry into the middle-class, andtherefore turn to varying subcultural groups with shared financial opportunityto also feel as though they belong. - these delinquent individuals then resolve their status frustration by rejecting the success goals of mainstream culture and turn instead to others in the same situation - forming a subculture - this theory can therefore explain the deviant acts such as vandalism, fighting and truancy |
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Differential opportunity: theory, theorist, example |
- Cloward and Ohlin, Subcultural Theory - differential opportunity can be referred to as a concept where all members of society sharesimilar cultural goals and values (i.e. financial success, prestige, etc.), butare divided by means of legitimate opportunity - differential opportunity suggests that ones socio-economic environment serves to predetermine their likelihood of achieving financial success through legitimate or illegitimate means - Cloward and Ohlin suggested that youth who were denied legitimate opportunities in gaining success could be further divided into subcategories in relation to levels of community or neighbourhood stability such as criminal gangs, conflict gangs and retreats gangs. - example: growing up in poor neighbourhoods, children are more likely to resort to crime as they are unable to obtain success through legitimate means. This being due to the lack of funding allowing them to achieve their dreams the legal way resulting in the exploration of non-conformist alternatives. |
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Concentric zone: theory, theorist |
- Social Disorganisation - Robert Park, Ernest Burgess - the concentric zone model is made up of 5 transitional zones such as the central business district, transitional zone, working class zone, residential zone and the commuter zone. It had been founded that while crime rates varied over time throughout the zones, they were relatively stable to one another, and that transition zones continually evidences the highest rates of delinquency, regardless of demographic or ethnic composition. - Siegel (2004) had furthermore noted that social forces operating in urban areas create criminal interactions as some neighbourhoods therefore become 'natural areas' for crime. these neighbourhoods maintain such high levels of poverty that breakdown of critical institution such as school and the family are of result. this breakdown therefore results in social disorganisation and reduces the ability of social institutions to control behaviour, having an outcome of high crime rates. |
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Anomie/Strain: theory, theorist |
- Durkheim (functionalist theory) - criminologists refer to Anomie as a state of breakdown in shared moral standards and normative assumptions of social behaviours (without norms) - Durkheim believes that traditional societies are less likely to evident anomie as division of labor is lower and that they therefore share a greater degree of shared norms and expectations meaning little or no anonymity - functionalism: this macro-oriented paradigm suggests that recurrent social processes serve the function of maintaining a social system. functionalism is a framework that sees society as an intertwined complex system whose parts work together to promote stability or equilibrium - the five social structures intertwined within society include politics, education, religion, family and the economy - strain theory (Robert Merton): refers to the idea that the disconnect betweensocial structures and individual goals or needs may pressure people to commitcriminal actions. strain theory suggests that certain strains and stresses can predominantly lead to crime through the willingness to use unacceptable ways inorder to achieve success pursue - “in which everyone is presumed tosucceed, but those in who are unable or least likely to succeed by legitimatemeans are under the most strain to use illegitimate or illegal opportunities” -Instead of looking at crime in relation to socio-economic stress, GSTsuggests that strain exists in different forms in all socio-economic strata.
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Situational Crime Prevention: Theory |
- situational crime prevention involves developing tactics to reduce or eliminate a specific crime problem. In order to establish prevention, acts intended to make the crime look less attractive are of extreme importance such as increasing the effort needed to commit the crime, increasing the risks, reducing the rewards, and inducing guilt or shame for committing the crime. - Rational choice Theory: explains that crime occurs as an offender decides to risk breaking the law after considering personal factors such as rewards gained by the criminal act, and situational factors such as the risks opposed to them in committing the act. This therefore entails that the offender will evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value of criminal enterprise and his/her need for criminal gain in committing the crime. It can furthermore be concluded that rational choice is based on the type of crime, the time and place of the crime and the target of crime as criminals are unlikely to travel far differences, outside their comfort zones ignored to commit a criminal act |
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Deterrence: |
- Cesare had argued that the most effective response to violations the social contract was through the enforcement of punishment - General deterrence strategies entail that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of punishment. factors such as severity, certainty and speed of punishment may also effect and influence one another, theorising that certainty provokes more of an impact in regards to punishment onto the offender. |
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Retribution: |
- oldest form of punishment - rooted from the concept 'an eye for an eye' - punishment localised and personalised - victim or victims family administered the punishment - punishment is in accordance to the crime - revenge, justice |
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Incapacitation: |
- revoking of an individual's ability to participate in criminal or other deviant behaviour |
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Rehabilitation: |
- the ultimate goal rehabilitation has to offer is to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place within society through some combination of treatment, education and training. |
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Atavist: theory, theory |
- Lombroso's work is often established as atavistic theory or in simple terms atavism, depicting the notion that criminals could be identified by their physical traits that in part explain their life of crime, thus being classified as biological determinism. - through this pathological perspective, criminologists and sociologists who utilise trait theories often see deviance and crime as the product of natural processes or causes. Lombroso suggested that physical traits had attributed to an individuals propensity to commit crime as these characteristics were noted of persons who had already been convicted. Lombroso had furthermore depicted the notion that individuals were simply born criminal. Earnest Hooton had furthermore articulated that as crime was biological in origin, and probably incurable, the best option was to remove criminals from society. |
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differential enforcement: |
– Theidea that “the law is differentially applied, benefiting those who holdeconomic and social power and penalizing the powerless.” |
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Primary Deviance: |
labelling theory: Becker - a norm violation or crime with little or no long-term influence on the violator; the experience of the violator is related to the act itself 'i do this to feel good' |
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Secondary Deviance: |
a norm violation or crime that come to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label with long-tern consequences for the violator's self-idenity and social interactions 'i do this because i am this way'- internalised - if label made public/ individual excluded from normal routines/ alteration of identity/ supported by delinquent others = more likely to lead to secondary deviance |
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latent- trait: |
- assumes some people have a personal attribute that controls their propensity to commit crime - Astable feature, characteristic, property, or condition that makes some peopledelinquency-prone over the life course - trait presented at birth or established early in life/ focus ob individual offending - Most associated with Travis Hirschiand Michael Gottfredson’swork A General Theory of Crime (1990) |
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turning points: |
“Life-courseeventsembedded within trajectoriesareoften called turning points ortransitions. These events may alter thetrajectories of individuals. Examples ofturning points include divorce,marriage, and the death of a sibling.Sampson and Laub(1993) usethe transitionsof marriage and employment to understandhow individualsalteratrajectory of behavior and move away fromcrime”(Massogliaand Uggen,2010). |
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Biological Determinism: |
refers to the idea that all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes. This theory stands in contrast to the notion that human behavior is determined by culture or other social forces |
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age-crime curve: theorist |
- The age crime curve refers to the assumption that crimes are most prevalent during mid to late adolescence. - According to Hirschi and Gottfredson (1983) this age crime curve is universal. That is, the curve seems to apply, at least roughly, in all demographic and socioeconomic categories as well as for all offences. |
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deviance amplification |
in which the extent and seriousness of deviant behavior is exaggerated. |
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neutralisation techniques: theory, theorists |
- Matza and Skyes 1) Denialof responsibility - Other forcescause deviants to act the way they do 2) Denialof injury – No big deal, no one got hurt 3) Denialof Victim – It was the victims fault, or there was no “real” victim 4) Condemnationof the condemners – The real deviant is “the man” 5) Appealto higher loyalties |
