Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
social institution |
create societal norms (Ex: family, schools, government) |
|
|
education |
the formal process of learning in which some people teach while others adopt the role of the learner |
|
|
Functionalist Perspective on Education |
emphasizes the benefits of education |
|
|
1. transmission of knowledge/skills 2. status attainment 3. socializing children 4. transmitting culture (dominant culture) 5. promoting cultural integration (common language) 6. maintaining social control 7. serving as a change agent (Ex: sex ed) |
Manifest Functions of Educations |
|
|
1. Provide child care 2. Match making 3. Decreasing job competition 4. Creating social networks 5. Creating business opportunities |
Latent Functions |
|
|
Conflict Perspective on Education |
points to gatekeeping, educational attainment is based on social class inequality, hidden curriculum, credentialism |
|
|
gatekeeping |
preventing lower classes from moving up by limiting their access to education |
|
|
hidden curriculum |
social expectation on how to behave learned in school |
|
|
credentialism |
rely on people's degree to judge their intelligence and success |
|
|
tracking |
placing students in a specific curriculum based on test scores |
|
|
Feminist Perspective on Education |
consider how gender affects education |
|
|
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Education |
tracking, sometimes based on stereotypes and results in labeling, teacher expectancy effect, self-fulfilling prophecy |
|
|
self-fulfilling prophecy |
students will achieve what is expected of them |
|
|
religion |
a social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices based on the supernatural which unites believers into a community |
|
|
Christianity |
world's largest religion |
|
|
Islam |
world's second largest religion |
|
|
1. Monotheistic (one God) 2. Believe in prophets 3. Believe in afterlife 4. Impose moral code on believers |
How are world's two major religions similar? |
|
|
civil religion |
religion found in our government through money, the pledge, national holidays, etc. |
|
|
Functionalist Perspective on Religion |
considered the benefits of religion |
|
|
1. belonging and identity 2. meaning, purpose, and emotional comfort 3. social service 4. social control 5. social change |
Benefits of Religion |
|
|
universal |
Religion is a cultural _____. |
|
|
glue |
Religion provides the _____ that holds everything together |
|
|
population |
group of people that share a territory in which they live |
|
|
demography |
the study of populations |
|
|
fertility, mortality, and migration
|
Demographers focus on: |
|
|
Conflict Perspective on Religion |
argue that religion promotes social inequality |
|
|
Feminist Perspective on Religion |
religion subordinates and excludes women, most religions are patriarchal |
|
|
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Religion |
religion provides meaning in everyday life; religion is socially created through symbols, rituals, beliefs, and experiences |
|
|
fertility |
level of reproduction, or the number of babies born, in a particular society |
|
|
mortality |
death rate, or number of deaths, in a society |
|
|
migration |
movement into and out of a specific geographic area |
|
|
Thomas Malthusian Theory |
the belief that the population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it |
|
|
geometric |
Population grows at a ______ rate. |
|
|
arithmetic |
Food grows at an ______ rate. |
|
|
1. birth rates 2. death rates 3. marriage rates 4. divorce rates 5. migration rates |
Vital Statistics |
|
|
census |
taken every 10 years to gather vital statistics |
|
|
crude birth rate |
number of live births per 1000 people in a population during a given year; number of births/1000 = ______ |
|
|
infant mortality rate |
the number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1000 births; number of deaths/1000 births = ______ |
|
|
crude death rate |
number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year; deaths/1000 = _____ |
|
|
malnutrition |
the leading cause of death for children worldwide |
|
|
life expectancy |
the average number of years that people who were born at the same time will live |
|
|
80 |
The average life expectancy for an American is _____ years. |
|
|
push factors |
encourage or force people to leave a residence |
|
|
pull factors |
attract people to a new location |
|
|
internal migration |
the movement across a national border |
|
|
emmigration |
movement out of a country |
|
|
immigration |
movement into a country |
|
|
internal migration |
movement within a country (from state to state) |
|
|
growth rate |
the difference between birth and deaths and net migration; birth - death + net migration rate = _____ |
|
|
net migration rate |
immigration - emigration = ______ |
|
|
population pyramids |
a representation of population structure by age and sex at a given point in time; allows demographics to predict future needs of a population |
|
|
sex ratio |
the number of males to females in a population |
|
|
demographic transition |
industrial birth and death rate chart; death rates drop right away, but birth rates stay the same for about 50 years then drop; after 100 years birth and death rates are low |
|
|
urbanization |
the movement of people from rural areas into the city |
|
|
megacities |
city with a population of 10 million or more people |
|
|
1. Concentric Zone Model 2. Sector Model 3. Multiple Nuclei Model 4. Peripheral Model |
Four Models of City Growth and Change |
|
|
ecosystem |
the physical environment and all forms of life living in relation to one another |
|
|
human ecology |
people's relationship with their environment |
|
|
urban ecology |
people's relationship with their urban environement |
|
|
3 |
_____ percent of the world's water if freshwater |
|
|
1 |
_____ percent of the world's water is available to use |
|
|
50 |
More than _____ percent of the world's population still drinks contaminated water. |
|
|
United States |
What country uses the most water and pays the least for it? |
|
|
1. Division of labor 2. Written regulation for schools and teachers 3. Impersonality in education (Ex: student ID) 4. Top down management 5. Teachers must have expertise |
Bureacratization of schools: |
|
|
1. Needs: food, water air 2. Shelter: houses 3. Serves as a waste dump |
Evironment serves 3 functions: |
|
|
our disrespectful and wasteful attitudes towards nature |
Environmental pollution is caused by: |
|
|
sustainable development |
economic activities that meet the needs of the present without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations |
