Sociology Exam 3

Front 1

any behavior, belief, or condition that significantly differs from social norms of a group or a society.

Back 1

deviance

Front 2

A powerfully negative label given by society that can radically alter a person's self-concept.

Back 2

stigma

Front 3

informal norms dealing with etiquette or manners. Deviating from these norms brings short-term, informal sanctioning
ex. personal space, looking in eyes when talking

Back 3

folkways

Front 4

norms having moral significance. Deviating from these norms is more serious; may bring outcasting. ex.adultry, lying

Back 4

mores

Front 5

formal norms that are written down and legally enforced (by the govt.) (formal sanctioning) ex. stealing, killing

Back 5

(criminal) laws

Front 6

the practices that groups or societies develop to encourage conformity and discourage deviance.

Back 6

social control

Front 7

the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Back 7

criminology

Front 8

View that asserts that "deviance is rooted in societal factors," including RAPID SOCIAL CHANGE and SOCIAL DISINTEGRATION

Back 8

Emile Durkheim's view

Front 9

What was the revolution that characterized the late 1700s in Europe and the 1800s for both Europe and the US?

Back 9

Industrial

Front 10

A social condition in which norms are weak, absent, or conflicting.

Back 10

anomie

Front 11

Theory asserts that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

Back 11

Strain Theory (Robert K. Merton)

Front 12

Theory asserts that people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures, ie, social circumstances that allow people to acquire through illegitimate means what they cannot through legitimate ones, AND lack of access to legitimate ones.

Back 12

Opportunity Theory (Richard Cloward & Llyod Ohlin)

Front 13

In general, these views assert that deviance is learned in the same way that conformity is learned --> via social interaction with significant others. Because it focuses on the individual’s experience in his/her social surroundings, these approaches are MICRO in their scope...

Back 13

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives

Front 14

Asserts that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from norms when they associate with people who also deviate.

Back 14

Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)

Front 15

Asserts that an individual is more likely to deviate when her/his social ties are broken or absent.

Back 15

control theory / social bond theory

Front 16

Asserts that deviance results from individuals being stigmatized by others.

Back 16

labeling theory

Front 17

Conflict perspectives have to do with...

Back 17

power relations

Front 18

Asserts that women’s deviance is a rational response to gender discrimination and inequality that women experience in families and the workplace.

Back 18

Liberal feminist approach

Front 19

Perspective that asserts information technology increases external social control of some categories of people over others (due to the former’s social statuses and access to information) through the use of surveillance techniques. Also, new crimes b/c of technology….

Back 19

postmodernist perspective

Front 20

Is social class an ascribed status or an acieved status?

Back 20

both

Front 21

the hierarchical arrangement of social categories based on their control over basic resources.

Back 21

social stratification

Front 22

What are examples of basic resources?

Back 22

$, houses,...

Front 23

stratification is based on ascribed statuses

Back 23

caste

Front 24

stratification is based on ascribed and achieved statuses

Back 24

class

Front 25

access to important societal resources

Back 25

life chances

Front 26

a combined measure that, in order to determine class location, attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education.

Back 26

socioeconomic status (SES)

Front 27

the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (governmental aid), and ownership of property.

Back 27

income

Front 28

the total value of an individual’s (or family’s) economic assets (e.g., income, personal property, anything income-producing, stocks, bonds, paintings, jewelry, cars, planes) less debt.

Back 28

wealth

Front 29

In 2001, the richest 20% of households received almost ___% of the total income

Back 29

50%

Front 30

The poorest 20% of all households received less than ___% of all income.

Back 30

4%

Front 31

The top 5% alone received ___% of all income -- a sum greater than received by the bottom 40%.

Back 31

22%

Front 32

Who are the “super-rich?” (.5% of households) own ____% of the nation’s wealth (avg. = $9 million)

Back 32

35%

Front 33

Who are the “very rich?” (.5% of households) own ___% of the nation’s wealth ($1.4 to $2.5 million)

Back 33

7%

Front 34

Who are the “rich?” (9% of households) own ___% of the nation’s wealth (avg. = $400,000).

Back 34

30%

Front 35

Everyone else? (90% of households) own ___% of the nation’s wealth

Back 35

28%

Front 36

Relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semi-skilled positions (primarily held by women, yet sometimes held by men).

Back 36

Pink-collar occupations aka working class
ex. waitor/waitress, secratary, nurses

Front 37

Perspectives of Social Inequality in the U. S.
Perspective asserts that inequality is inevitable and necessary for society. “Davis-Moore thesis”

Back 37

Functionalist Perspectives

Front 38

Know 5 points of the “Davis-Moore thesis”
(p. 270).

Back 38

Functionalist Perspective

Front 39

Theoretical Perspectives of Social Inequality in the U.S.
Perspective asserts that inequality is NOT necessary for society. People with power and wealth “are able to shape and distribute the rewards, resources, privileges, and opportunities in society for their own benefit”

Back 39

Conflict Perspectives

Front 40

Theoretical Perspectives of Social Inequality in the U.S.
Perspective focuses on the ways in which inequality is maintained at the micro-level via communication patterns and power/deference behavior (i.e., verbal & nonverbal communication, e.g., clothing, body positions, facial expression, eye contact, touching, personal space).

Back 40

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives

Front 41

a social category distinguished by socially-selected biological traits.

Back 41

Race

Front 42

What are examples of “socially selected” biological traits?

Back 42

skin tone, skin color, hair texture, eye and hair color

Front 43

A social category distinguished (by others or by themselves) by subcultural and/or nationality traits. 

Back 43

Ethnicity

Front 44

A social position that is relatively disadvantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., blocked opportunities to political influence, economic participation, rights.

Back 44

Minority-status

Front 45

a social position that is relatively advantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., influence politically, economic participation, rights.

Back 45

Majority status

Front 46

a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected social categories, e.g., race, ethnicity, age, ability.

Back 46

prejudice

Front 47

Overgeneralizations about appearance, behavior, or other traits of members of social categories.

Back 47

stereotypes

Front 48

the practice of treating people unequally

Back 48

discrimination

Front 49

one-on-one unequal treatment.

Back 49

individual discrimination

Front 50

When unequal treatment of people is embedded into social organizations and institutions
(e.g., residentially by real estate industry, auto industry, dating, workplace, military).

Back 50

institutional discrimination

Front 51

Prejudice and discrimination based on race.

Back 51

racism

Front 52

the spatial and social separation of social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, ability-level, social class, gender, religion).

Back 52

segregation

Front 53

the process by which members of minority races and ethnicities become absorbed into the dominant culture.

Back 53

assimilation

Front 54

when members of a racial or ethnic minority adopt aspects of dominant culture, e.g., language, dress, values, religion, and food.

Back 54

Cultural assimilation (a.k.a., acculturation)

Front 55

when members of a racial or ethnic minority gain acceptance into everyday social interaction with members of the majority race or ethnicity (e.g., in the workplace, in friendship, social clubs).

Back 55

Structural assimilation (a.k.a. integration)

Front 56

when members of one race or ethnicity marry members of another race or ethnicity.

Back 56

Biological assimilation (a.k.a. amalgamation)

Front 57

An individual person’s change in racial or ethnic self-identification.

Back 57

Psychological Assimilation