Sociology Exam 2 Study

Front 1

social group

Back 1

two or more persons, must identify with each other and interact with each other.

Front 2

primary social group
3 characteristics:

Back 2

small in #s.
relationship between members must be personal.
membership in a group on an end to itself.

Front 3

2 kinds of Leadership:

Back 3

Instrumental
&
Expressive

Front 4

3 styles of leadership

Back 4

Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez-fare leadership

Front 5

groupthink

Back 5

tendency of social groups to adopt narrow points of view.

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reference group

Back 6

social group that serves as a point of reference 4 making decisions or evaluating.

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in group

Back 7

social group that commands esteem and loyalty.

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out group

Back 8

social group where one feels competition or opposition.

Front 9

diad

Back 9

social group with only two ppl.

Front 10

triad

Back 10

social group with only three ppl.

Front 11

bureaucracy

Back 11

organizational model, rationally designed to perform complex tasks efficiently.

Front 12

the "Mcdonaldlization of Society"

Back 12

organizational principals applied by the Mcdonald corporation that have come to describe societies.

efficiency
uniformity
control

Front 13

sexuality is a theme

Back 13

umbrella construct

Front 14

sex

Back 14

the biological distinction between females and males.

Front 15

primary sex characteristics

Back 15

the genitals organs used for reproduction.

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secondary sex characteristics

Back 16

physical differences other then genitalia that distinguishes biological mature females and males.

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hermaphrodites

Back 17

people whose bodies include genitals both female and male characteristics.

Front 18

transsexuals

Back 18

people who feel they are one sex even though they are biologically the other sex.

Front 19

incest taboo

Back 19

cultural norm that prohibits sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.

This cultural norm has been in every cultural society.

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sexual revolution

Back 20

began in 1948 and kaboomed in the 1960s.

1.) Alfred Kinsey, researched that Americans are hypocritical about sex, say one thing and behave a different way.

2.) The birth control pill
3.) The Feminist Revolution

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sexual counter-revolution

Back 21

country should go back to conservative "family values" and a change from sexual freedom back toward what critics saw as the sexual responsibility valued by earlier generations.

Front 22

pre-martial sex

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sexual intercourse before marriage

Front 23

extra-martial sex

Back 23

"adultery" is highly condemned common strong element in the United States.

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Sexual Orientation [Sexual Preference]

Back 24

person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

Front 25

How many queer and lesbians?

Back 25

10%

Front 26

homophobia

Back 26

discomfort over close personal interaction with ppl thought to be gay, lesbian or bisexual.

Front 27

Queer Theory

Back 27

is a field of critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of LGBT studies and feminist studies. It is a kind of interpretation devoted to queer readings of texts.

Front 28

teen pregnancies in America

Back 28

one million girls knocked up.

Front 29

pornography

Back 29

sexual explicit material cause arousal.
Liberals opposed for social reasons.

Conservatives opposed cause of Jesus.

Front 30

prostitution

Back 30

the act or practice of engaging in sexual intercourse for money.

Front 31

date rape

Back 31

forced or coerced sex between; partners, dates, friends, friends of friends or general acquaintances.

Front 32

hetero sexism

Back 32

that applies to a system of negative attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships.

Front 33

Deviance

Back 33

recognized violation of cultural norms.

Front 34

social controls

Back 34

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors.

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Crime

Back 35

the violation of society's formally enacted criminal law, certain kinds of deviance.

Front 36

Crimes:

Back 36

the act "itself"

"inens rea" (intend)

Front 37

criminal justice system

Back 37

police--> to enforce
courts--> to sentence
corrections--> to punish

Front 38

crime against person (violent crimes)

Back 38

crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others.

Front 39

crime against property (property crime)

Back 39

crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others.

Front 40

Victimless crime

Back 40

violations of law in which there are no obvious victims.

Front 41

stigma

Back 41

Negative social label that radically changes a person's social identity.

Front 42

medicalization of deviance

Back 42

the transformation of moral and legal deviance into medical condition.

Front 43

white collar crime

Back 43

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their operations.

Front 44

corporate crime

Back 44

consists of the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

Front 45

organized crime

Back 45

business supplying illegal goods or services.

Front 46

hate crime

Back 46

a criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.

Front 47

plea bargain

Back 47

legal negotiation when offender is allowed to plead guilty to a lesser crime.

Front 48

criminal recidivism

Back 48

later offense by people previously convicted of crimes.

Front 49

social stratification

Back 49

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Front 50

social mobility

Back 50

a change in position within the social hierarchy.

Front 51

caste system

Back 51

social stratification based on birth and individual achievement.

Front 52

class system

Back 52

social stratification based on birth and personal achievement.

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meritocracy

Back 53

social stratification based on personal merit

Front 54

status consistency

Back 54

the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality.

Front 55

stratification & conflict

Back 55

social stratification benefits some ppl and disadvantages others.

Front 56

4 social classes in US

Back 56

the upper class
middle class
the working class
the lower class

Front 57

Marx's class conflict

Back 57

social stratification is rooted in people's relationship to the means of production.

Front 58

capitalists "bourgeoisie" -

Back 58

people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits.

Front 59

proletarians

Back 59

people who sell their labor for wages.

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alienation

Back 60

the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness.

Front 61

Max Weber three dimensions

Back 61

class, status and power.

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income

Back 62

earnings from work or investments.

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wealth

Back 63

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts.

Front 64

das kapital

Back 64

is an extensive treatise on political economy written in German by Karl Marx.

Front 65

communist manifesto

Back 65

is one of the world's most influential political manuscripts, and written by communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Front 66

relative poverty
vs.
absolute poverty

Back 66

the lack of resources of sum ppl in relation to those who have more.

vs.

lack of resources that is life-threatening.

Front 67

statistical profile of the prototypical poor person in the US by: age, race and resident.

Back 67

?

Front 68

feminization of poverty

Back 68

the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor.

Front 69

2 sub classes of the top 2 classes
income
guidelines

Back 69

upper uppers: 1% 3 million ppl, born into.

lower-uppers: 4% 12 million ppl.