Sociology Exam 2

Front 1

the process by which people react in relation to others through our interactions.

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social interaction

Front 2

reality is create through these interactions social structure guides these interactions.

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social interaction

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what are the two major components of social structure?

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statuses and roles

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a social position that an individual occupies.

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status

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assigned at birth of assumed involuntarily

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ascribed status

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social position a person assumes. (voluntarily, reflects personal ability and effort)

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achieved status

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status that has special importance in shaping social identity (occupation, gender)

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master status

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behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.

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roles

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vary by culture and lose ___ along with statuses

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roles

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a number of roles attached to a single status

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role set

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tension between roles of a single status

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role strain

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conflict between roles of two or more statuses

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role conflict

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the process by which people disengage from social roles

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role exit

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the process by which people ceatively shape reality through social interaction

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social construction of reality

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reality is not fixed nor is it in a vacuum, it changes by the situations

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social construction of reality

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statuses and roles influence reality, but the indvidual shapes what happens from moment to moment.

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social construction of reality

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organizes meanings so that people can act individually and jointly in the interaction.

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definition of the situation

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it is the who, what, when, and where of situations

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definition of the situation

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situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

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thomas theorem

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the study of social interaction in terms of a theratrical performance.

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dramaturgical analysis

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theory that says that every social interaction is performance with an audience and actors.

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dramaturgical anaysis

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most of this theory rest with the work of ervin Goffman, Presentation of self in Everyday Life.

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dramaturgical anaysis

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where the performance takes place (dining room of aa resturant)

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front stage

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audience is not allowed here. this is where an indicidual prepares for their role.

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back stage

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down time when the individual does not have to perform

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back stage

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the idea that our back stage is shrinking due to our electronic media.

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middle stage

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because we are so connected we do not have the down time to prepare for roles

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middle stage

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reality it is an image consistent with the way we view ourselves

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authentic self presentation

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image that is consistent with hoe we wich we were

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ideal self presentation

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two or more people who identify and interact with ine another

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social group

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small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships

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primary group

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large impersonal grop that is devoted to a specific activity or task.

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secondary group

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type of group leader: focuses on the completion of tasks or goals.

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instrumental

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type of group leader: focuses on group well being

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expressive

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decision making styles: takes charge of decision making and expects orders to be followed.

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authoritarian

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decision making style: includes everyone in the decision making, very collective

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democratic

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decision making style: group function more or less on its own.

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laissez faire

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as members of a group individuals are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being different

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asch research

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people not only follow legitimate authority but also group authority

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milgrams research

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large secondary groupd that are organized to achieve a goal efficiently

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formal organizations

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formal organization: people join in pursuit of material rewards

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utilitarian organizations

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formal organization: people join to pursue a goal that is morally worthwhile (voluntary)

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normative organizations

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formal organization: involuntary membership

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coercive

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organizational model designed to complete tasks efficiently

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bureaucracy

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characteristics of bureaucracy: individuals have highly specialized roles and duties

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specializtion

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characteristics of bureaucracy: vertical ranking of office. chain of command. Pyramid shape with a few people at the top and many at the bottom

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hierarchy of office

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characteristics of bureaucracy: rational rules and regulation guide the operation of the bureaucracy. this adds predictability to the organization

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rules and regulations

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characteristics of bureaucracy: bureaucratic officals have technical ability to perform their duties. people are hired using a set of standard criteria. performance is monitored and evaluated. contrary to traditional society's practice of hiring relatives.

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technical competence

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characteristics of bureaucracy: everyone is treated uniformly. rules out wiegh personal feelings or thought.

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impersonality

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characteristics of bureaucracy: paperwork, formal written memos and reports. information goes up the heirarachy and orders come down.

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formal writeen communication

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what are the six problems in bureaucracy?

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alienation, ritualism, inertia, oligarchy, parkinson's law, and peter principle.

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the impersonality that fosters efficiency dehumanizes clients and workers.

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alienation

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preoccupationwith rules and regulations to the point that it thwarts goals

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ritualism

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the tendency for bureaucracies to perpetuate themselves (to grow bigger by adding more layers, or form new organizations)

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inertia

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the rule of many by the few. only a few top people make decision in a bureaucracy

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oligarchy

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the idea that work expands to fill the time needed for completion. people run around looking extremely busy. the do this to avoid a loss of job, and to avoid more work. it crates a vicious cycle. management sees all these extremely busy people who can barely keep up, so in turn they hire more people, and the cycle starts over. the workforce grows but the amount of work does not.

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parkinson's law

Front 57

in a bureaucracy people are promoted until they reach their level of incompetence. eventually individuals will be in a position performing duties that they do not have the skills to accomplish. bureaucracies are filled with imcompetence, andin large organizations it is sometimes hard to detect imcompetence. However the bureaucracy is still able to function, becauseat every level there are indiiduals who have not reached their level of incompetence.

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peter principle

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by george ritzer

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mcdonalizations

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says that the priciples of organizations that makes mcdonalds what it is are coming to dominate our society.

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the mcdonalization of society

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organizationsl principles of ____ : efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and control through automation

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mcdonalization

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that we are becoming a society based on instant gratification. changes the way we operate as a society

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mcdonalization

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violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, state or federal government.

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crime

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what are the twp elements of a crime?

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actus reus and mens rea

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the criminal act

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actus reus

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"guilty mind" criminal intention

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mens rea

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crime that directs violence or threat of iolence against another.

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crimes against a person

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murder/ manslaughter, aggravated assault, rape, and robbery are all ____.

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crimes against a person

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crimes that inolve the theft of property belonging to another

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crimes against property

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burglary, larceny theft, auto theft, and arson are all ____ crimes.

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property crimes

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a crime against a person because it involves the use of force or thet threat of force

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robbery

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___ does not involve theft. it is the unlawful entry into a structure for the purpose of committing a serious crime or theft.

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burglary

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a property crime that incolves the destruction of property by vurning or attempting to burm

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arson

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violations of law in which there is no apparent victim. sometimes known as vice crimes, prostitution and gabling are examples.

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victimless crimes

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a society's formal response to crime. includes three parts: police, courts and corrections

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criminal justice system

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characteristic of CJS: the ability to act according to one's own judgement.

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discretion

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probably the most powerful individuals in the CJS

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prosecutors

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characteristic of CJS: does not generate its own resources.

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resource dependence

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characteristic of CJS: there is order in going through the system. police- courts- corrections

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sequential tasks.

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characteristic of CJS: occurs when cases are sent to the next step, released, or outsourced to different departments. this means that a large number enter the system, but very few go all the way through the system.

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filtering or funneling

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characteristic of CJS the CJS has to operate in the bounds of the law. offers protections to those accused of a crime. embedded in the Bill of Rights.

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due process

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a ciolation of cultural norms

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deviance

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said that deviant acts have one thing in common, the behavior sets them apart. the apperance of difference.

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becker

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aa society's attempts to regulate the behavior of its members

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social control

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people who were iin an earlier stage of evolutionary deverlopment. throw backs to an earlier developmental period.

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atavism

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believed that criminal behavior could be predicted by examining body type

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sheldon

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body type: fat and round, easy going, social

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endomorph

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body type: lean and delicate. introverted, nervous, and sensitive

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ectomorph

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body type: large boned and muscular, aggressive, insensitive, guick to action and anger. sheldon believed this was the type were criminal behavior could be found and predicted.

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mesomorph

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people with a strong self concept and moral are less likely to be delinquent

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containment theory

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what are the four social foundations of deviance?

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1. deviance or what is considered deviant is shaped b society and their definition of deviance
2. deviance varies according to cultural norms
3. people become deviant as others define them that way
4. norms and the way deviance is defined involve social power and reflects inequality

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who developed the strain theory?

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merton

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deviance occures because of our cultural values. in this society we value monetary success, but people do not always have the opportunities to achieve that monetary success. occurs when people do not have the means to achieve cultural goals.

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strain theory

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indivdual uses approved means to achieve cultural goals (i.e. go to school)

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conformity

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unconventional means to achieve cultural goals. (a drug dealer)

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innovation

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people believe that there is only a limited amount od success. so they stick to the rule to maintain respectability

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ritualism

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reject cultural values and goals they drop out of society

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retreatist

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advocates an alternative to the existing order

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rebellion

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deviance and conformity result not from what people do, but how society responds to those actions

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labeling theory

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primary deviance frist violation of morns that has little impact on the individual's self concept. if society starts to identify that person as deviant it will begin having an affect on the individual

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labeling theory

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secondary deviance occurs when the individual repeatedly violates the norms and begins to take on a deviant identity

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labeling theory

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develop a strong commitment to deviant behavior and aquire a stigma

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deviant career

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a strong negative label that changes a person's self identity and self concept. becomes a master status for the individual

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stigma

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criminal presecution in which a person stands before the community to be labeled in a negative way

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degradation ceremony

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reinventing someone's past in light of present deviance

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retrospective labeling

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using a deviant lavel to predict furture behavior

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projective labeling

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the transformation of deviance from a moral issue to a medical issue. when the label changes for a one with moral implication to a lavel that is medical, societ's response to deviance changes.

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medicalization of deviance

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physicians and psychiatrists respond to crime instead of the criminal justice system

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medicalization of deviance

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treatment replaces punishment

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medicalization of deviance

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offender is not respnsible for their action; they had not control over ther actions de to some medical problem. this changes deviance from a moral issue in which the person is held accountable.

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medicalization of deviance

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social control depends of the anticipation of the consequences of theid behavior. people who are worried about consequences of their actions. people who have little to lose are more likely to become deviant.

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hirschi's control theory

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strong social bonds encourage conformity. most improtants is the family.

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attachment

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greater access to legitimate opportunities encourages conformity. little access to opportunites pushes people toward deviance.

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opportunity.

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involvement in legitimate activites (i.e. extra curricular activites) inhibit deviance. people have little free time to be delinquent.

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involvement

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belief in the moralit of laws and respect for authority, restrains deviance.

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control theory

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links deviance to social inequality. who are what is defined as deviant depends on which category of people hold the power in a society

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social conflict.

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illegal actions of corporations

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corporate crime

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the actions often time fall under civial law. many offenders are not labeled as deviant.

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corporate crime

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criminal act agains a person or property motivated by racial or other bias

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hate crime.

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a person's deviance or conformity depend on the amount of time that person spends with others who either encourage or reject conventional behaviors

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differential association

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___ was learned in groups in sutherlands theory.

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deviance

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crime committed by people of high social positions in the course of their work

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white collar crime