Sociology Exam 2

Front 1

The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in a society is called:

Back 1

socialization

Front 2

a force that means genetics

Back 2

nature

Front 3

a force that means social environment
ex. parenting styles

Back 3

nurture

Front 4

Which is most common physical injury, sexual abuse, and neglect?

Back 4

neglect

Front 5

On an individual basis, we study it ______-scopically. Focus: How is a person socialized?

Back 5

micro

Front 6

If we study patterns of socialization within a society or across societies, socialization can be analyzed ______-scopically. Focus: How are many people socialized?

Back 6

macro

Front 7

Charles Horton Cooley’s term for the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

Back 7

looking-glass self

Front 8

Who said that "Selves can only exist in definite relations to other selves. No hand-and-fast line can be drawn between our own selves and the selves of others."

Back 8

George Herbert Mead

Front 9

Stage of self-development?
birth - 3 yrs. Children imitate those around them; interactions lack meaning.

Back 9

prepratory stage

Front 10

Stage of self-development?
3 - 5/6 yrs. Use of symols allows children to pretend they are another person; they learn to take the role of a SPECIFIC, significant other, and thereby begin to see themselves from another's view. Children learn their social position or status in relation to others.

Back 10

play stage

Front 11

Stage of self-development?
6/7 yrs. - life. Children...
learn rules of various social settings, learn rules of larger society, learn to take roles of many others at one time, and develop the generalized other.

Back 11

game stage

Front 12

George Herbert Mead’s term for the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture.
*the awareness of subculture and cultural expectations

Back 12

generalized other

Front 13

Do traditional, modern, or postmodern societies view children as having qualitative different needs?

Back 13

postmodern

Front 14

Comparing traditional versus modern & postmodern societies, in which type does adolescence last much longer?

Back 14

modern & postmodern

Front 15

Adulthood begins sooner in traditional societies. Why?

Back 15

because of economic necessity

Front 16

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and experience.

Back 16

resocialization

Front 17

social arrangements in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are strictly supervised

Back 17

total institutions

Front 18

The process by which people act toward or respond to other people.

Back 18

social interaction

Front 19

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior (including the norms/rules guiding this behavior)

Back 19

social structure

Front 20

Social _________ helps us to know what we are supposed to do (rules and direction are provided everyday). Social structure helps provide limits on our behavior - and keep social phenomena happening in a predictable manner (relatively).

Back 20

Social structure

Front 21

When a person is partly in the larger structure of society and partly out of this larger structure - based on the status(es) he or she currently occupies - we call this phenomenon?

Back 21

social marginality

Front 22

a socially-defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties

Back 22

status

Front 23

A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarity, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control.

Back 23

ascribed status

Front 24

A social position that as individual assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

Back 24

achieved status

Front 25

a material sign that informs others of a person’s specific status.

Back 25

status symbols

Front 26

a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. (sometimes called a "role set")

Back 26

role

Front 27

all of the statuses that an individual occupies at a given.

Back 27

status set

Front 28

when incompatable role demands are placed on an individual by two or more statuses (held at the same time)

Back 28

role conflict

Front 29

when incompatable role demands are placed on an individual by a single status. ex. weddings

Back 29

role strain

Front 30

The process of disengaging from a social role that was central to one's identity. ex. getting fired or loosing a child

Back 30

role exit

Front 31

The 3 outcomes of role conflict, role strain, and role exit are...

Back 31

social-psychological

Front 32

a large-scale social structure designed to meet society's needs

Back 32

social institution

Front 33

the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

Back 33

social construction of reality

Front 34

the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Back 34

dramaturgical analysis

Front 35

Who came up with the dramaturgical analysis?

Back 35

Goffman

Front 36

the process of conveying a favorable image of ourselves.

Back 36

Impression management (presentation of self)

Front 37

the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual "loss of face"

Back 37

face-saving behaviors

Front 38

Who has more leeway the person occupying the position of power or the one occupying the position of less power?

Back 38

occupying the position of power

Front 39

two or more people who interact and identify with each other

Back 39

(social) group
Ex. friendship, religious, class

Front 40

A collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time (but share little else in common). Aka a crowd

Back 40

(social) aggregate
Ex. concert, line at grocery store

Front 41

What can transform an aggregate into a group in minutes?

Back 41

a crisis
Ex. plane hijacked, natural disater and connection with neighbors

Front 42

People who share some trait (characteristic).

Back 42

social category
Ex. all students of GPC, age category, social security recipiants, male teachers, race

Front 43

a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles.

Back 43

social solidarity or social cohesion

Front 44

If we distinguish between different kinds or types of groups, they typically differ in regard to the...

Back 44

degree of social solidarity

Front 45

A group (or category) that strongly influences an individual's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

Back 45

Reference group
(a comparison group)
Ex. when you are born into the lower class and the upper clas inspires you

Front 46

a web of social relationships that links one person directly to other people and, through them, to even more people.

Back 46

A network

Front 47

Who wrote "The strength of weak ties?"

Back 47

Mark Granovetter

Front 48

This person theorized that the size of groups affects the quality of interaction in them.

Back 48

Georg Simmel

Front 49

When do coalitions become possible?

Back 49

when there are 3 or more people

Front 50

What happens as groups become larger?

Back 50

become emotionally unstable, gain more power, social stability increases

Front 51

_________ perspectives: Assert that people form groups to meet "instrumental" and "expressive" needs.

Back 51

Functionalist

Front 52

According to Cooley, which kind of group typically meets our expressive needs?

Back 52

primary

Front 53

What are the two kinds of social groups?

Back 53

primary and secondary

Front 54

According to Cooley, which kind of group typically meets our instumental needs?

Back 54

secondary

Front 55

________ perspectives: {Agree with functionalists that groups provide functions.} Yet, assert that groups ALSO involve power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may NOT be equally served.

Back 55

Conflict

Front 56

Whose needs are served, according to CONFLICT perspectives?

Back 56

the ones in the higher positions

Front 57

________ perspectives: Assert that group members work together to socially construct reality (via symbols) which affect interpersonal behavior and attitudes within groups. Also, assert that group size affects group dynamics.

Back 57

symbolic-interactionist

Front 58

________ perspectives: Assert that groups and organizations in postmodern life are characterized by superficiality and meaninglessness in their social relations.

Back 58

postmodern

Front 59

Stanley Milgram's OBEDIENCE research Findings? (What % went all the way to fatal shock levels?)

Back 59

65%

Front 60

the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Back 60

groupthink
Ex. any jury situation, Congress

Front 61

Who predicted the prevalence of bereaucracies in modern life?

Back 61

Max Weber

Front 62

Solomon Asch's CONFORMITY research Findings? (What % conformed?)

Back 62

33%

Front 63

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules & procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.

Back 63

bureaucracy
Ex. military

Front 64

What are the 5 ideal characteristics of Bureaucracy?

Back 64

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, employment based on technical qualification, and impersonality.

Front 65

What are the 3 shortcomings of Bureaucracies?

Back 65

inefficiency and rigidity, resistance to change, and perpetuation of race, class, and gender inequalities.