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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Durkheims suicide differences based on social integration |
categoriesof people with strong social ties have low suicide rates and people who havemore freedom have high rates |
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Comte’s3 stages of society |
Theological stage: the Church in the Middle Ages Metaphysical stage: the Enlightenment and theideas of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau (society is natural rather thansupernatural) Scientific stage: physics, chemistry, sociology |
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Comte's 3 stages of society (continued) |
Comte’s approach --> positivism: a way of understanding based on science Structural Functional Approach: a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability Social structure: any relatively stable pattern of social behavior Social functions: the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole |
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Gender |
personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male cultural expectations about sex differences |
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Research Ethics |
No harming subjects, consent of participants,privacy of subjects data, must reveal sources of financial support |
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Experiment |
a research method for investigating cause andeffect under highly controlled conditions |
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Participant Observation |
research method in which investigatorssystematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
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Inductive logical thought Vs. Deductive logical thought |
Inductive logical thought: reasoning thattransforms specific observations into general theory Deductive logical thought: reasoning thattransforms general theory into specific hypothesis suitable for testing |
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Manifest Functions of Education |
Manifest functions: Teachthe subjects (math, reading, etc) Socialization(meet people unlike those in family… race, gender, social class) Socialintegration Socialplacement Culturalinnovation |
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Latent Functions of Education |
Childcare (so parents can work) Socialties and networks |
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Manifest Dysfunctions of Education |
Lostknowledge over the summer Unequaleducation (due to funding mechanism) |
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Latent Dysfunctions of Education |
Credentialization-needing a diploma or degree as a requirement to get a job People are needing more and more education to dothe same job (jobs that used to require high school diploma now require collegedegree…) |
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Functions of the Family |
Material and emotional support
Socialization Social placement --> they want you out of the house eventually Regulation of sexual activity |
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Talcott Parsons – Gender: complimentary genderroles Male Vs Female |
Male roles are instrumental--> clear cut goals Female roles are expressive --> communication andemotion Females played house- prepares you for adultrole, Males played dodge ball- winners and losers |
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A Weakness of structural functionalism |
they think that bc something has existed for a long time it must be functionaland good for society Ex: Problems in society started occurring bc womenabandoned traditional roles Women need to stay at home and be less educated |
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Culture |
the ways of thinking, ways of acting, andmaterial objects that together form a people’s way of life Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct |
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Nonmaterial culture VS. Material culture |
Nonmaterial culture: ideas created by members ofa society Material culture: the physical things created bymembers of a society |
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Elements of culture |
Symbol Language Values (Used to decide what is wanted) Beliefs :specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true Norms (used to decide what is right and wrong) |
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Norms |
Sanctions: rewards/punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms Mores:norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance, right andwrong EX) don’t walk around naked in public Folkways: norms for routine or casual interaction, right and rude Socialcontrol: attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior Ex: Shame and guilt |
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Cultural Diversity
High culture VS. Popular culture VS. Subculture VS. Multiculturalism |
High culture: cultural patterns that distinguisha society’s elite Popular culture: cultural patterns that arewidespread among a society’s population Subculture: cultural patterns that set apartsome segment of a society’s population Multiculturalism: a perspective recognizing thecultural diversity of the US and promoting equal standing for all culturaltraditions |
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Structural-functional theory of Culture |
Cultureis a complex strategy for meeting human needs Valuesare the core of a culture (idealism) Culturaluniversals: traits that are part of every known culture EX) family |
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Social-conflict theory of Culture |
Culturebenefits some people and disadvantages others Culturalpatterns are rooted in a society’s system of economic production (materialism) |
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Sociobiology theory of Culture |
approach that explores way in which humanbiology affects how we create culture |
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Culture limitations |
Experiencealienation Cultureis habit which limit choices Competitionisolates us from one another Materialthings divert us from relationships and spirituality |
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Stratification |
differential distribution of resources in asociety (low, middle, high, rich vs poor, caste system |
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Davis and Moore: Theory of Stratification |
Jobs vary in importance to society, moredifficult and important jobs must be filled, and must be rewarded better Stratification is required for social mobility(moving up and down in the stratification system), creating incentive andmotivation As societies become more complex they approach Meritocracy à people are judged purely on their merit and their ability to do a task |
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Weber: Dimensions of stratification |
CLASS – economic stratification, $$$ STATUS – prestige stratification, Occupation“What do you do?” PARTY – power stratification, how many peopleyou control |
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Weber definition of power |
thechance that an individual in a social relationship can achieve his or her ownwill even against the resistance of others |
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Crime VS. Deviance |
Crime- breaking laws Deviance- breaking social norms |
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Durkheim- 4 functions of deviance |
Affirms cultural values and norms The response to deviance clarifies moralboundaries The response to deviance promotes social unity Deviance encourages social change |
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Strain Theory (Merton) |
Conformity Accept Cultural Goals Accept Cultural Means Innovation Accept Cultural Goals but Reject Cultural Means Ritualism (quit when things get hard) Reject Cultural Goals Accept Cultural Means Retreatism Reject Cultural Goals Reject Cultural Means Rebellion Reject both Goals and Means but seek to put new ones in place. |
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Gerhard Lenski: Society and technology |
Moretechnology --> more productive, can support more people, society changes faster |
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Karl Max: Society and Conflict |
SocialConflict: struggle btwn segments of society over valued resources Capitalists:people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits Proletarians:people who sell their labor for wages Socialinstitutions: major spheres of social life or societal subsystems organizedto meet human needs EX)the economy, political system, family, religion, education |
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Sociocultural evolution |
Hunting and gathering Horticulture Pastoralism Industrialism Postindustrialism |
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Marx’s Model of Society |
Economicsystem ---> society’s infrastructure |
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Max Weber: Rationalization of Society |
Idealism- emphasized how hum ideas(values/beliefs) shape society Idealtype: an abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any socialphenomenon Tradition:values and beliefs passed from generation to generation Rationality:a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate matter-of-fact calculation of themost efficient way to accomplish a particular task Rationalizationof society: historical change from tradition to rationality as the maintype of human thought |
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Durkhiem On Society and Function |
“Society exists beyond ourselves” Patternsof human behavior exist as established social facts that have an objectivereality beyond lives of individuals
Function- significance of any social fact ismore that what individuals see in their lives, they help society as a whole Personality is formed by society
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Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and MoralDevelopment |
Boys--->justice perspective: relying on formal rulers to define right and wrong Girls---> care and responsibility perspective: judging a situation with an eye towardpersonal relationships and loyalties |
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George Herbert Mead’s Theory of Social Self |
Developed theory of social behaviorism- howsocial experience develops an individual’s personality Self:the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness andself-image The self is not there at birth it develops onlyas product of social experience (no social experience --->no self) Selfhas 2 parts 1. The “I”: operates as the subject, active andspontaneous 2. The “Me”: works as the object, the way weimagine others see us Development of self i. Imitation-infants, mimic behavior w/o understanding intentions, no self |
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Functions of Family |
Family is responsible for providing safeenvironment for infants and teaching kids skills, values Influence racial identity and awareness ofsocial class Parents encourage kids to follow in theirfootsteps Wealthy families provide kids w/ culturalcapital (sports, travel) which advances learning |
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Functions of School |
Encourage gender roles Hidden curriculum- informally taught things EX)spelling bees teach kids how society divides people into winners and losers First experience w/ bureaucracy |
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Kubler Ross on Death |
Denial ---> anger ---> negotiation (w/ God) ---> resignation(depression) ---> acceptance |
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Status VS. Status Set |
Status:a social position that a person holds Statusset: all the statuses a person holds at a given time Ascribedstatus: a social position a person receives at birth or takes oninvoluntary later in life |
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Achieved Status VS. Master status VS. Ascribed Status |
Achievedstatus: a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflectspersonal ability and effort Masterstatus: a status that has special importance for social identity oftenshaping a person’s entire life EX)a job is for most people, sometimes your name (Kennedy family or Bush) Achievedstatus: a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflectspersonal ability and effort |
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Role and Role Set |
Role:behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status A person holdsa status and performs a role Role set:a number of roles attached to a single status |
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Role Conflict and Role Strain |
Roleconflict: conflict among the roles connected to 2 or more statuses EX)Combination of parenting and working outside the home is really hard forparents Role strain:tension among the roles connected to a single status EX)A professor enjoys being friendly w/ students but also must maintain thepersonal distance needed to evaluate students fairly |
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Social Construction of Reality |
process by which people creatively shape realitythru social interaction |
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Thomas theorem |
situations that are defined as real are realin their consequences |
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The “Presentation of Self” |
the study social interaction in terms oftheatrical performance |
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Social Group Primary group Secondary group |
SocialGroup: 2 or more people who identify w/ and interact w/ one another Primarygroup: a small social group whose members share personal and lastingrelationships Secondarygroup: a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goalor activity |
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In Group VS. Out Group |
In-group:a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty “we” Out-group:a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition“they” |
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Bureaucracy |
an organizational model rationally designed toperform tasks efficiently MaxWeber Specialization(specific jobs) Hierarchyof positions (Few people at top and many at bottom) Rulesand regulations Cultural tradition doesn’t matter Technicalcompetence Impersonality Formal,written communication |
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Sexual Attitudes in US |
Sex is matter of individual choice US people view sex as an important indicator ofpersonal morality but sex is also more and more a part of mass media |
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Sexual Counterrevolution |
Beganin 1980s
Callfor return to “family values” Didn’tchange idea that sex was an individual’s choice Peoplebegan to limit their number of sexual partners or choosing not to have sex atall (for moral reasons or concerns about STDs) |
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Premarital sex |
Publicopinion is more accepting of premarital sex than before but society is stilldivided on issue Amountof young people who have sex before marriage has increased greatly especiallywoman |
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Extramarital sex “adultery” |
Higheramong young people than old, men than women, people of low social position thanthose who are well off, people w/ no religious affiliation than religiouspeople, people who are unhappy w/ marriage than those who are happy |
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Heterosexuality is norm because----> |
it permits reproduction |
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How many people are gay? |
Difficultbc orientation is not neat categories and not all people are willing to revealtheir sexuality Estimatedabout 4% of males and 2% of females have exclusively same-sex orientation |
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Teen Pregnancy |
Weakfamilies and low income increase likelihood Havingunplanned kids raises the risk of young women (and young fathers) not finishinghigh school and ending up in poverty About58% keep, 27% abortion, 15% miscarriage |
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Structural Functional Theories of Sexuality |
Societydepends on sexuality for reproduction Societyuses the incest taboo and other norms (condemning adultery) to controlsexuality in order to maintain social order Asadvances in birth control technology separate sex from reproduction, societiesrelax some controls on sexuality Latentfunction: Prostitution 1.Way to meet sexual needs of lots of people whomay not have ready access to sex 2. Sex w/o hassle of relationship |
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Durkheim- Structures of Religion |
Religions divide the world into the Sacred (hasreligious importance) and Profane (has nothing to do w/ religion) God(s) as symbols of society |
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Durkheim – Functions of Religion |
Answers the unanswerable questions in life(gives life meaning) Social solidarity- holds the group together Social Control --- Everyreligion has a list of dos and don’ts Prophetic (future)/Critical function--- ---Religionprovides a language of morality |
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3 principles from Calvinism |
Predestination----Moment you’re born you are either going toheaven or hell and its already determined Allearthly callings served God---Your work is an earthly calling Delayedgratification AKA asceticism---- You can have fun after you die, you are here toserve God |
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Structural functionalismMetatheoretical assumptions |
Structural functionalismMetatheoretical assumptions |
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Structures and Functions |
Structures:the parts and the arrangement of the parts Functions:the things the structures do |
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What are necessary functions for all societies? |
Communication,goals, laws and a way to enforce them, reproduction, education, food, shelter,clothing, socialization |
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Talcott Parson’s Function of Society |
Adaptation (to changing conditions) Goal Attainment (here’s what you shouldwant and here’s how you should go get it) Integration (socialization, education,integrated into society) Latency AKA Pattern Maintenance (thingsbreak down) *******THINK AGIL ******* |
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Robert Merton’s Functional Analysis |
Middlerange theory, designed to look at smaller than entire societies Step1: identify the social structures involved in what you are looking at insociety Step2: look for the functions (benefits) and dysfunctions (costs) of the socialstructures Step3: if the dysfunctions outweigh the functions, social change is on the way. Iffunctions outweigh the dysfunctions things will continue as they are even ifthey look bad on the surface |
