Sociology Exam #1

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C.Wright Mills’s term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

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sociological imagination

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the systematic study of human society and social interaction.

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sociology

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People who are united by a geographic boundary who share many aspects of culture (political system, economy, languge)

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society

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an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

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macrolevel analysis

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sociological theory and research that focus on small groups rather than on large-scale social structures.

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microlevel analysis

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What social revolution occured between 1760-1850 in Great Britain, which spread through the rest of W. Europe and the U.S.?

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Industrial Revolution

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the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

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industrialization

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the concentration of humanity into cities rather than in rural areas

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urbanization

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a term describing Auguste Comte’s belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.

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positivism

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Herbert Spencer’s belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

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social Darwinism

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Emile Durkheim’s term for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

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social facts

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"without norms" or when norms for behavior are unclear, weak, or absent Emile Durkheim

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anomie

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This theorist viewed history of societies as a constant conflict of interests between those w/ wealth & power and those without.

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Karl Marx

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a feeling of powerlessness from others and oneself

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worker alienation

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the identity conflict of being black and an american.

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double conciousness

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a set of logically-related statements that attempt to describe, explain, & sometimes predict events

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Theory

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the sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system.

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functionalist perspectives

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functions that are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit.

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manifest functions

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unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants.

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latent functions

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In it's original formulation, is conflict theory macro or micro?

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macro

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Is functionalism macro or micro?

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macro

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the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

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symbolic interactionist perspectives

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Is symbolic interactionist macro or micro?

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micro

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the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

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postmodern perspectives

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Are postmodern perspectives macro or micro?

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both

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Deductive starts with a observing or theory?

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theory

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Inductive starts with observing or theory?

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observing to come up with a theory

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sociological research methods that use interpretive description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

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qualitative research

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sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically.

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quantitative research

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Which theoretical framework would likely correspond well with a qualitative study?

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symbolic interactionist

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In which orientation of research are we likely to precisely measure the factors that vary?

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quantitative

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A concept (or factor) that differs from one case to the next in your study is called a

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variable

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Any concept (factor) that does not vary from one case to the next in your study is called a

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constant

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in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

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validity

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in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time.

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reliability

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Percipitants respond to a series of questions or statements to tell us about social/personal life patterns.

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survey

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a research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

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secondary analysis

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People are observed and/or interviewed in natural settings (to reveal aspects of social life).

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Field Research

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a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years.

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ethnography

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What theoretical framework would likely guide field research?

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symbolic interactionist

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The researcher studies variables under highly-controlled conditions (to learn about processes of social life).

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experiment

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Which research method did Durkheim's study of suicide involve?

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secondary analysis

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the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

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culture

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anything that meaningfully represents something else.

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symbol

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a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

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language

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societal expectations based on a person's sex

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gender

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What is ableism?

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prejudice and discrimination against someone with a disability

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What is ageism?

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prejudice and discrimination against younger and older people

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What is heterosexism?

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prejudice and discrimination against gay and bi

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What is sizism?

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prejudice and discrimination against overweight and midgits

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collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

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values

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established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

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norms

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the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into a usable form and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.

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technology

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What do we mean by cultural lag?

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when material culture outplaces nonmaterial culture

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a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differs in some significant way from that of the larger society.

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subculture

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the assumption that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

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ethnocentricism

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the component of culture that consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

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popular culture - pop culture