Sociology: Chapter 3. Culture

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culture

Back 1

the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life.

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society

Back 2

refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

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Culture shock

Back 3

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

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Symbol

Back 4

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

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Language

Back 5

a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

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Cultural transmission

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the process by which one generation passes culture down to the next generation

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Sapir-Whorf Thesis

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people see and understand through the cultural lens of language

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Values

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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

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Beliefs

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specific statements that people hold to be true

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Norms

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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Mores

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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

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Folkways

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norms for routine or casual interaction

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Technology

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knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

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Hunting and gathering

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the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food

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Horticulture

Back 15

the use of hand tools to raise crops

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Agriculture

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large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or machines

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Pastoralism

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the domestication of animals

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Industry

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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

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High culture

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cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

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Popular culture

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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population

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Subculture

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population

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Multiculturalism

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a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and Promoting respect and equal standing for all cultural traditions

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Eurocentrism

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the dominance of European cultural patterns

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Afrocentrism

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emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns

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Counterculture

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cultural patterns that strongly opposed those widely accepted within a society

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Cultural integration

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the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

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Cultural lag

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the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

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ethnocentrism

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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

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cultural relativism

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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of its own culture

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sociobiology

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a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

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Nonmaterial Culture

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the ideas created by members of asociety, ideas that range from art to Zen.

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Material Culture

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is the physical things created by members of a society, everythingfrom armchairs to zippers.

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Instinct

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biological programmingover which the species has no control.

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Homo Sapiens

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Intelligent person

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Culture

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Shared way of life

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Nation

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Political entity, a territory with designated

borders

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Multicultural

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their people follow various ways of life that blend (and sometimesclash).

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Language

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Key that unlocks centuries of accumulated wisdom

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Values

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broad principles that support beliefs, specific thoughts od ideas people hold to be true

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Values

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Abstract standards of goodness

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1. Equal opportunity,

2. Achievement and Success

3. Material Comfort

4. Activity and Work

5. Practicality and efficiency

6. Progress

7. Science

8. Democracy and Free Enterprise

9. Freedom

10. Racism and Group Superiority

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Key Values of US Culture- Robin William Jr.

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William Graham Sumner

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Recognized that some norms are important to our lives than others- coined the term "mores"

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Social Control

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Attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviours

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Shame

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The painful sense that others disapprove your actions

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Guilt

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Negative judgments we make of ourselves

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Mark Twain

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people "are the only animals that blush- or need to"

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Artifacts

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Physical human creations

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Industrial Production

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Centered on factories and machinery that generate material goods

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Postindustrial Production

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Based on Computers and other electronic devices that create, process, store and apply information

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Symbolic skills

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include the ability to speak, write, compute, design, and create imagesin fields such as art, advertising, and entertainment.

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E pluribus unum

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"out of many, one"

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Molefi Kete Asante

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Supporter of Multiculturalism

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William Ogburn

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observed that technology moves quickly, generating newelements of material culture (things) faster than nonmaterial culture(ideas) can keep up with them.

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Invention

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the process of creating new cultural elements

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Discovery

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a second cause of cultural change, involves recognizingand understanding more fully something already in existence

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Diffusion

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the spread of cultural traits from one society to another

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Structural-Functional Approach

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explains culture as a complexstrategy for meeting human needs.

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Cultural Universals

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traits that are part of every known culture

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Social-Conflict Approach

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Stresses the link between Culture and Inequality

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Materialism

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holds that a society’ssystem of material production (such as our own capitalist economy)has a powerful effect on the rest of a culture.