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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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demographers
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social scientific analysis of human population
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sex ratio
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the ratio of women to men in a geographical area
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malthusian trap
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a cycle of population growth followed by an outbreak of war; pestilence, or famine that keeps population growth in check
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demographic transition theory
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explains how changes in fertility and mortality have affected population growth from preindustrial to postindustrial times
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crude deathrate
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the annual number of deaths per 1,000 women in a population
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total fertility rate
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the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lieftime if she had the same average number of children as women in each age cohort in a given year
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replacement level
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the number of children that each woman must have on average for population size to remain stable ignoring any inflow of population from other countries and any outflow to other countries - the replacement is 2:1
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immigration
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the inflow of people into one country from one or more other countries and their settlement in the destination country
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emigration
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the outflow of people from one country and their settlement in one or more other countries
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chicago school
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a group of researchers in the first decades of the 20th century who founded urban sociology in the US.
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chicago school distinguished
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their vivid and detailed descriptions and analyses of urban life and their development of the theory of human ecology
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human ecology
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theoretical approach to urban sociology that borrows ideas from biology and ecology to highlight the links between the physical and social dimensions of cities and identify the dynamics and patterns of urban growth
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differentiation
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human ecology theory is the process by which urban populations and their activities become more complex and heterogeneous over time
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competition
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the struggle by different groups for optimal locations in which to reside and set up their businesses
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ecological succession
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the process by which a distinct urban group moves from one area to another and a second group comes in to replace the group that has moved out
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urbanism
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a way of life that involves increased tolerance but also emotional withdrawal and specialized, impersonal and self-interested interaction
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new urban sociology
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it emerged in the 1970s and stresses that city growth is a process rooted in power relations and the urge to profit
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corporate city
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the growing post - WWII perception and organization of the North American city as a vehicle for capital accumulation
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suburbanism
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a way of life outside city centers that is organized mainly around the needs of children and involves higher levels of conformity and sociability than life in the central city
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metropolitan areas
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downtown city cores and their surrounding suburbs
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gated communities
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expensive, upper middle-class residential developments patrolled by security guards and walled off from the outside world
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exurbs
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rural residential areas within commuting distance of a city
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edge cities
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exurban clusters of malls, offices, and entertainment complexes that arise at the convergence point of major highways
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urban sprawl
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the spread of cities into ever-larger expanses of the surrounding countryside
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gentrification
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the process of middle-class people into rundown areas of the inner city and restoring them
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postmodern city
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a new urban form that is more privatized, socially, and culturally fragmented, and globalized than the corporate city
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greenhouse effect
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the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that allows more solar radiation to enter the atmosphere and less solar radiation to escape
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global warming
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the gradual worldwide increase in average surface temperature
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acid rain
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the precipitation whose acidity destroys forest and the ecosystems of lakes. it is formed by sulfur dioxide and other gases emitted by coal-burning power plants, pulp and paper mills, and motor-vehicle exhaust
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ozone layer
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lies 5 to 25 miles above the earth's surface. it is depleted by CFCs. the depletion of this layer allows more ultraviolet light to enter the earth's atmosphere thereby increasing the rate of skin cancer
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biodiversity
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the enormous variety of plant and animal species inhabiting the earth
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environmental racism
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the tendency to heap environmental dangers on the disadvantaged, especially on disadvantaged racial minorities
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