Sociology Chap 1

Front 1

sociology

Back 1

the systemic study of human behavior in social content

Front 2

methods of collecting sociological data

Back 2

systematic observations of natural social settings

experiments

surveys

analyses of existing documents and official statistics

Front 3

social solidarity

Back 3

the degree to which group members share beliefs and values; the intensity and frequency of thier interaction

Front 4

altruistic suicide

Back 4

suicide that occurs in high-solidarity settings, where norms tightly govern behavior

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altruism

Back 5

devotion to the interest of others

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altruistic suicide 2

Back 6

suicide in the group interest

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egoistic suicide

Back 7

a type of suicide that occurs in low-solidarity settings. it results from a lack of integration of the individual into society because of weak ties to others

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anomic suicide

Back 8

a type of suicide that occurs in low-solidarity settings where norms governing behavior are vaguely defined

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anomie

Back 9

without order

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social structures

Back 10

stable patterns of social relations

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sociological imagination

Back 11

the quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures

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microstructures

Back 12

patterns of social relations formed during face-to-face interaction.

Front 13

examples of microstructures

Back 13

families, friendship circles, and work associations

Front 14

macrostructures

Back 14

overarching patterns of social relations that lie outside and above one's circle of intimates and acquaintances

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macrostructures examples

Back 15

classes and power systems such as patriarchy

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patriarchy

Back 16

the traditional system of economic and political inequality between women and men

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global structures

Back 17

patterns of social relations that lie outside and above the national level.

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examples of global structures

Back 18

international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel
communication, economic relations between and among countries

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scientific revolution

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began in Europe about 1550
it encouraged the view that sound conclusions about the workings of society must be based on solid evidence, not just speculation

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democratic revolution began

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began about 1750
the citizens of the US, France and other countries broadened thier participation in government.

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democratic revolution

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this revolution suggested that people organize society and that human intervention can therefore resolve social problems

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industrial revolution began

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the rapid economic transformation that began in Britain in the 1780s

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industrial revolution involved

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it involved the large scale applications of science and technology to industrial processes, the creation of factories, and the formation of a working class

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industrial revolution created

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it created a host of new and serious social problems that atttracted the attention of many social thinkers

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functionalist theory

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stresses that human behavior is governed by relatively stable social structures.

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functionalist theory underlines

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how social structures maintain or undermine social stability

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functionalist theory emphasizes

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social structures are based mainly on shared values or preferences, and suggest that reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems

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Emile Durkhelm

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the first professor of sociology in France and is often considered the first modern sociologist

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dysfunctions

Back 29

effects of social structures that create social instability

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manifest functions

Back 30

visible and intended effects of social structures

Front 31

latent function

Back 31

invisiible and unintended effects of social structures

Front 32

conflict theory

Back 32

generally focuses on large, macro-level structures, such as the relations between or among classes

Front 33

conflict theory shows

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how major patterns of inequality in society produce social stability in some circumstances, and social change in others

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conflict theory stresses

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how members of privileged groups try to maintain thier advantages, while subordinate groups struggle to increase theirs

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conflict theory lead to

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the suggestion that eliminating privilege will lower the level of conflict and increase the sum total of human welfare

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class conflict

Back 36

the struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes

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class consciousnes

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awareness of being a member of a class

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protestant ethic dates

Back 38

the 16 and 17th century

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protestant ethic

Back 39

belief that religious doubts could be reduced and a state of grace assured if people worked diligently and lived ascetically.

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protestant ethic according to Weber

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it had the unintended effect of increasing savings and investment and thus stimulating capitalist growth

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symbolic international theory focus

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interpersonal communication in micro-level social settings

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symbolic internation theory emphasizes

Back 42

an adequate explanation of social behavior requires understanding the subjective meanings people attach to their social circumstances

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symbolic international theory stresses

Back 43

people help create their social circumstances and do not merely react to them.
by underscoring the subjective meanings people create in social setting, it validates unpopular and nonofficial viewpoints. this increases our understanding and our tolerance of people who may be different from us.

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social constructionists

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sociologists who argue that apparently natural or innate features of life are often sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally

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feminist theory

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claims that patriarchy is at least as important as class inequality in determining a person's opportunities in life.

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feminist theory holds

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that male domination and female subordination are determined not by biological necessity but by structures of power and social convention

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feminist theory examines

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the operation of patrarchy in both micro- and macro- level settings and contends that existing patterns of gender inequality can and should be changed for the benefit of all members of society

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research

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the process of systemically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory

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experiment

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a carefully controlled artificial stimulation that allows researchers to isolate presumed causes and measures their effects precisely

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randomization

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involves assigning individuals to experimental and control groups by chance processes

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dependent variable

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the presumed effect in a cause-and-effect relationship

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experimental group

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the group in an experiment that is exposed to the independent variable

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control group

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the group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable

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independent variable

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the presumed cause in a cause-and-effect relationship

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reliability

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the degree to which a measurement procedure yields consistent results

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validity

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the degree to which a measure actually measures what it is intended to measure

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survey

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asks people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior, either in a face-to-face interview or paper-and-pencil format

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sample

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part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis

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population

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the entire group about which the researcher wishes to generalize

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probability sample

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a sample about which units have a known and nonzero chance of being selected

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sampling frame

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a list of all the people or other social units such as organizations of the population of interest to the researcher

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respondents

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people who answer survey questions

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association

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exists between two variables if the valure of variable changes with the value of the other

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closed-ended questions

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a survey type of question that provdies the respondent with a list of permitted answers. each answer is given a numerical code so that the data can later be easily input into a computer for statistical analysis

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field research

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research based on the observation of people in their natural settings

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open-ended questions

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a type of survey question that allows respondent to answer in their own words

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detached observation

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a type of field research that involves classifying and counting the behavior of interest according to a predetermined scheme

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reactivity

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the tendency of people who are observed by a researcher to react to the presence of the researcher by concealing certain things or acting artificially to impress the researcher

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participant observation

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a type of field research that involves carefully observing people's face-to-face interactions and participating in their lives over a long period, thus achieving a deep and sympathetic understanding of what motivates them to act in the way that they do

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analysis of existing documents and official statistics

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a nonreactive research method that involves the analysis of diaries, newspapers, published historical works, and statistics produced by government agencies, all of which are created by people other than the researcher for purposes other than sociology research.

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postindustrial revolution

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the technology driven shift from manufactoring to service industries and the consequences of that shift for virtually all human activites

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globalization

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the process by which formerly separate economies, states, and cultures are being tied together and people are becoming increasing aware of their glowing interdependence

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public policy

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involves the creation of laws and regulations by organization and governments