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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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August Comte
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Coined the term sociology
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C Wright Mills
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Coined term Sociological imagination-link between personal and social self
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Sociology
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Study of human society and social interaction
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Industrialization
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From Agri based to Manufacturing based economy
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Urbanization
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Movement of population from rural to city areas
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Emile Durkheim
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Study of suicide
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Anomie
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society provides little moral or social guidance
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Sociological Perspective
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being able to see the general in the particular-like understanding the link between personal experience with society in which we live
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Functionalist Perspective
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society as a relatively stable and orderly system composed of interdependant and interrelated parts
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Robert Merton
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Functionalist who discerned between manifest and latent functions
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Karl Marx
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Founded conflict perspective dividing society into the bourgeoisie and proleteriat
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Manifest Function
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Intended, expected or overly recognized consequences of an activity or institution
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Latent Function
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Consequencies that are largely unintended and unrecognized
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Social Dysfunctions
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Undersirable consequences of a institution or activity for the social system
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Bourgeoisie
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Capitalist Class
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Proletariat
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Working Class
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Symbolic-interactionist who believed in the I and Me components of self.
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Erving Goffman
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Symbolic interactionist-used dramatical analysis-people are like actors playing out roles.
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George Herbert Mead
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Symbolic-interactionist who developed concept of looking glass self
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Robert Merton
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Functionalist who discerned between manifest and latent functions
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Macro Level
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Examine social institutions and large scale social process
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Micro Level
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Focus on meanings of face to fact interactions between people and small groups
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Variable
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Concept whose value changes from case to case
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Dependent Variable
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Variable of interest or Outcome Variable-variable whose value depends upon or is caused by another variable
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Independent Variable
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Predictor or Explanatory
Variable-causes or produces changes in another variable |
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Hypothesis
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Statement of expected relationship between tow or more variables
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Operationalize
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variable means to specify how the variable is to be measured
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Reliability
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consistency over time
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Population
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Group of people to whom results apply
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Sampling
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Process of selecting a subgroup from the population of interest
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Sample
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population of subgroup which researcher collects data
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Random Sampling
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each member of population has same chance of being selected
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Correlation
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when 2 or more variables change value together
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Positive Correlation
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when 2 or more variables in majority of cases change together in same direction
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Perfect Positive Correlation
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When both variables change together in same direction in every case
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Negative Correlation
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In majority of cases one variable changes in one direction while the other changes in different direction
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Perfect Negative Correlation
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In every case one variable increases while one variable decreases
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Correlation of Zero
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Half of cases increase and half of cases decrease
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Cause & Effect
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When one variable brings about change in another variable
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Methods of Sociological Research
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Surveys
Experiments Field Research Secondary analysis of existy data |
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Survey
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Question or interview where ask to respond to series of questions
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Experiment
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Carelfully designed and controlled attempts
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Field Research
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study of social life in natural setting
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Participant Observation
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where researcher observes while joining
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Secondary Analysis of Existing Data
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Researchers use of data collected by previous research
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Deductive Model
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Starts with general theory or hypothesis and then collection of data to prove theory or hypothesis
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Inductive Model
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Starts with specific observation and then explains the observation and the meaning
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Culture
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Values, ideas, beliefs, behaviors, language and material objects passed from one generation to the next.
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Material Culture
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Tangible objects that members of society use, share and create.
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Nonmaterial Culture
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Intangible parts of a society that shape peoples behavior.
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Cultural Universals
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Customs, traits and behaviors that occur in every culture.
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Symbol
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Anything that carries a specific meaning recognized by people in the same culture.
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Language
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set of symbols that allows people to think and communicate
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Values
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standards about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable and good or bad
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List Values
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Freedom, Progress, Individualism, Material Comfort, Success, Science, Democracy, Health, Education, Privacy, Efficiency, Racism, Hard Work, Equality
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Value Conflicts
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when these attributes clash with one another
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Norms
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specific rules that shape behavior
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Prescriptive Norms
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How someone should act in a specific situation
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Folkways
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what is considered to be polite behavior
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Mores
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guidelines for moral significance that carry serious consequences if violated
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Laws
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Formal norms created by society's political authority-punishable if violated
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Cultural Diversity
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range of cultural differences found in and between societies
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Subculture
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group of people possess some cultural pattern that distinguish them from larger society. Exp-deadheads
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Countercultures
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group that rejects norms and values of dominant culture.
Exp-Hippies |
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Popular Culture
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patterns that are widespread in middle and working class society
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High Culture
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patterns that distinguish society's elite
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Culture Shock
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disorientation people feel when exposed to a culture other than their own
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Cultural Relativism
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Where practices and customs of any culture are analyzed by their own standards
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Functionalist Perspective
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Culture and especially popular culture form the glue that holds a society together
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Conflict Perspective
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Most powerful groups use their power to maintain and enlarge priveledge
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Ideology
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System of ideas and beliefs
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Micro level culture is created, maintained and changed through everyday interactions of people in society
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Id
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part of personality that represents basic biological needs and demand instant gratification
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Socialization
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lifelong process through which people learn their culture and develop their potential
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Sigmund Freud
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founder of psychoanalytic perspective-mind was divided into 3 parts-id, ego and superego
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Ego
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Channels the desires of the id
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Superego
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Funcions as conscience-telling you how you ought to behave
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Jean Piaget
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Human Cognition-how people think
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Jean Piaget - 4 stages of human cognition
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Sensorimotor Stage-birth-2yr
Preoperational Stage-2-7yrs Concrete Operational Stage-7-11yrs Formal Operational Stage-11-adolescence |
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Studied moral development of children.
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Preconventional Level
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Child gives little thought to views of others.
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Convention Level
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Age 10-adult - beging to evaluate behavior as right or wrong
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Postcoventional Level
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Final stage of moral development-evaluat in terms of abstract ethical principles that transend rules and law.
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Carol Gilligan
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Examined moral development of girls. Believed boys and girls had differnt bases for determineing right & wrong because they were raised differntly.
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Justice Perspective
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Boys rely upon formal rules and laws to determine what is right and wrong-Carol Gilligan
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Care & Responsibility Perspective
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Actions judged on the basis of personal relationships and loyalties-Carol Gilligan
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George Herbert Mead
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Studied the sense of self.
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Self
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Protion of individual's personality composed of self-image and self-awareness.
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Significant Others
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People whose aproval and consern are desired.
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I
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Subjective, spontanious and unique element of self.
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Me
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objective element of self-consisting of internalized attitudes and demands
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George Herbert Mead Self Development Stages
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Preparatory-up to age 3-imitate world around them.
Play-kids use language & symbols. Game-take into account role of other people |
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Agents of Socialization
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Family-1st initial socialization.
Peer Group-people with simular ages, interest. Schools-imp. role in socialization Mass Media-exposes us to current events & viewpoints |
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Differential Socialization
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Members of the same society raised differently based on roles they are expected to perform.
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Gender Socialization
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Socialization that conveys certain message on what it means to be male or female in society.
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Ethnic Socialization
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Process that transmits messages on status of one ethnic group compared to others.
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Anticipatory Socialization
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Social learning that is directed toward occupying a new position and the behavior expected in that position.
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Resocialization
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Learning a different set of values, norms and attitudes.
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Involuntary Resocialization
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Occurs against the will of the person.
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Total Institution
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Enviroment where people are isolated from the rest of society.
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Social Structure
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Stable pattern of relationships in a society.
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Social Interaction
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Process by which people act and react toward other people.
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Status
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Socially defined position
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Status Set
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All the statuses a person occupies at a certain time.
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Ascribed Status
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Social status inherited at birth or involuntarily aquired later in life.
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Achieved Status
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Status aquired as a result of your own choice.
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Master Status
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Special importance in shaping a person identity.
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Role
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Set of behavioral expectations attached to a status.
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Role Expectation
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Societys expectation of how a role should be performed.
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Role Performance
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How you perform your role.
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Role Set
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Differnt roles that are attached to specific status.
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Role Strain
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Tension among roles.
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Role Conflict
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Conflict between roles of 2 or more statuses.
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Role Exit
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When one disengages from a social role.
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Anomie
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Where society provides little behavioral or moral guidance to a person.
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Social Construction of Reality
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Where persons interpretation of event shapes their perception of reality.
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The Thomas Theorem
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Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences.
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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False belief, perception or prediction that produces behavior that makes the orginally false belief come true.
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Ethnomethodology
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Study of common-sense knowledge.
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Harold Garfinkel
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Ethnomethodologist who theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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Study of everyday social interactions in dramatical terms.
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Social Network
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Web of social ties with a society or group.
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Presentation of Self
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Manipulation of ones role to leave a particular impression.
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Nonverbal Communication
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Facial expressions, body movements and gestures.
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Social Group
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2 or more people engaged in a interaction and identify with each other.
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Aggregates
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Collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
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Primary Group
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Small group who interact frequently with each other.
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Social bonds of preindustiral societies where people unite because of the shared values in labor.
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Collective Conscience
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Set of beliefs that are common to a society.
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Organic Solidarity
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Social bonds of industrial societies that are based upon specialization and interdependence.
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Ferdinand Tonnies
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Used terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to differntiate between social relationships in preindustiral and industrial societies.
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Gemeinschaft
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Social relationships are based on bonds of friedship in preindustrial society.
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Gesellschaft
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Large impersonal urban society.
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Dyad
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Group of 2 or more people
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Triad
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Group of 3 members.
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In Group
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Group that commands loyalty
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Out Group
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Group tha is scorned feels opposition.
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Reference Group
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Group taken as frame of reference to make evaluations and decisions.
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Instrumental Leadership
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Goal Directed leadership
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Expressive Leadership
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Concerned with well being of group.
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Authoritarian Leaders
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Make major decisions
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Democratic Leaders
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More expressive and encourage group involvement
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Laissez-Faire Leaders
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Maintain minimal involvement in decisions.
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Stanley Milgram
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Found people are willing to follow directions and even inflict harm if told to do so.
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Groupthink
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Tendency of group to conform to a decision even though some think wrong.
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Formal Organization
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Large, hightly structured groups organized to achieve specific goals.
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Normative Organization
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Volutary associations
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Coercive Organizations
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People involuntarily become members.
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Utilitarian Organizations
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Joined voluntarily in search of a goal.
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Bureaucracy
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Organization characterized by division of labor.
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Max Weber
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Identified 5 key components for bureaucratic organizations. Believed bureaucracy is important for capatalist society.
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Webers 5 key components
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Specialization of Task
Hierachy of Offices Written rules Technical Competence Impersonality |
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Robert Merton
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Noted societies have approved goals that members are encouraged to strive for.
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Strain Theory
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People experience strain when they are unable to achieve their goals through approved means.
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Cloward & Ohlin
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Ability to engage in deviance depends upon the availability to do so.
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Travis Hirschi
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Control Theory as a way to help understand that factors constrain people from choosing deviant behavior.
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Control Theory
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People conform to norms when have strong bonds and more likely to engage in crime when social bonds weak.
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Differential Association Theory
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We learn deviance from people we associate with.
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Labeling Theory
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Deviants are those people who have been labeled deviant.
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Primary Deviance
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1st act of deviance for which one receives the label of deviant.
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Secondary Deviance
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second attempt when people accept label and commit more crimes.
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Conflict Perspective
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Emphasizes the role of people in positions of power in defining deviance and punishing deviants.
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Liberal Views
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Views women's deviance as a rational response to gender discrimmination.
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Radical Feminism
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Sees crime by women as a response to patriachal subordination of women.
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Socialist Feminism
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Sees womens deviance as resulting from the effects of patriarchy and capatilism.
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Social Control
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Involves collective efforts to ensure conformity to group.
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Informal Social Control
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Most common form of social control.
Exp. Snickering, ridicule, shaming |
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Formal Social Control
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The police, courts, ect
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Conventional Crime
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Street crime
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White Collar Crime
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Violation of trust in workplace
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Corporate Crime
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Illegal activities in corporation.
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