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71 Cards in this Set
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social stratification
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a system bu which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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4 principles of social stratification
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1. soc strat a trait of society (not reflection of individual differences)
2. soc strat carries over from generation to generation 3. soc strat is universal but variable 4. soc strat involves not just inequality but beliefs as well |
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social mobility
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change in position within social hierarchy
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up down or horizontal
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closed system
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allow little chamge in social position
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caste
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open systems
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allow more social mobility
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class
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caste system
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social stratification based on ascription/birth; in agrarian societies
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little mobility based on effort; keep with own kind
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endogamous marriage
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marry someone of the same rank
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apartheid
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racial separation
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class system
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social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
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meritocracy
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social stratification based on personal merit
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pure meritocracy never existed
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merit
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person's knowledge, abilities and efforts
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measured by importance of job and how well its done
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status consistency
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degree of uniformity in a person's social standi nf across various dimensions of social inequality
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caste has higher lvl of status consistency; increase mobility decrease consistency
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1st estate in aristocratic england
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church leaders; pwr to shape political events
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2nd estate in aristocratic england
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rest of aristocracy; heredity nobility
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king quen dukea barons
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3rd estate of aristocratic england
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commoners; serfs working land of nobles
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primogeniture
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all property pass to oldest son or other male relative
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keep from land being divided
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4 categories in past Russia
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1.apparatchiks- high gov officials
2.soviet intelligentsia- college profs, scientists, docs, engineers 3. manual workers 4. rural peasantry |
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modern Russia
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perestroika- restructuring
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failed
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structural social mobility
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shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
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hai gui
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returned from overseas; sea turtles
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new social rank in china
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ideology
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cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
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historical patterns of ideology
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agrarian=caste
industrial=meritocracy |
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Davis-Moore thesis
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social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society
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jobs wi th more importance have more rewarda attached
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social stratification rooted ib ppks relationship to means of production
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true
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capitalists
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ppl who own and operate factories and other businesses in pusuit of profits
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aristocratic
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proletarians
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ppl who sell theor labor for wages
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peasants
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alienation
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the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
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marx thoughts
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thought woking class overthrow capitalists bc more poor and less control
thought socialism replace capitalism |
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why no Marxist revolution?
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1. fragmentation of the capitalist class
2. a higher std of living 3. more worker orgs 4. greater legal protections |
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blue-collar occupations
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lower prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
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white-collar jobs
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higher prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
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social stratification cause conflict in 3 dimensions of inequality
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1. class position-econ inequality
2. status-social prestige 3. power |
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socioeconomic status
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composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
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and categories on continuum
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marx thought eliminate social stratification by abolish private ownership
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but weber say that would reduce econ diff but increase social inequality bc political figures become important
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conspicuous consumption
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buying and using products bc of the statement they make about social position
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buy water bottles instead of fountain
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kuznets curve
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high income nations have less income equality
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income
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earnings from work or investments
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wealth
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total value of money and other assests minus outstanding debts
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more unequal than income;
avg ppl wealth in cars and homea rich ppl wealth in stocks and investments |
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upper- uppers
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"blue bloods" or "society" includes less than 1% of US pop; member reault of birth (old money)
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lower-uppers
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"working rich"; earn money rather than inherit (new rich)
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upper-middles
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above avg income and have high prestige jobs
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average-middles
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work less prestigious white-collar jobs or high skill blue- collar jobs; small amount of wealth
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lower-middles
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working class; little to no wealth; jobs with continual supervision and less benefits
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lower class
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working poor; low prestige jobs with minimal income
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20% of pop
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"old rich"
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family and under-stated manners and tastes
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"new rich"
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conspicuous consumption (jets, cars, homes)
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rich vs poor
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1.rich more tolerant than poor
2.rich conservative to econ and liberal to social 3. poor liberal to econ and conservative to social 4. rich more likely to vote |
ex homosexuality
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intragenerational social mobility
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change in social position occurring during person's lifetime
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intergenerational social mobility
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upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
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shows long term changes in society that affect all
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horizontal social mobility
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changing jobs at the same class lvl
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4 conclusions about mobility
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1. social mobility over past century has been fairly high
2. within a single generation, social mobility is usually small 3. the long-term trend in social mobility has been upward 4. since 1970s, social mobility has been uneven |
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American dream not reality bc
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1. for many workers, earnings have stalled
2. more jobs offer little income 3. young people are remaining at home longer |
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relative poverty
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lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
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absolute poverty
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lack of resources that is life-threatening
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all systems of social inequality have...
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poverty
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race and poverty
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71% of poor are white BUT blacks 3 timea more likely to be poor
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feminization of poverty
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trand of women making up an increasing portion of the poor
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increase in households headed by women
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2 views of poverty
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1. blame poor
2. blame society |
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culture of poverty
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lower-class subculture that can destroy people's ambition to improve their lives
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low income (near poor)
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ppl with income less than twice the poverty rate
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primary source of poverty
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society bc the few available jabs offer only low wages
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poor
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categories of people who face special barriers and limited opportunities already
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women, colored, minorities
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"new homeless"
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ppl lose jobs, leave bc of domestic violence, kicked out bc cant pay rent, or cant meet payments
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homeless= poverty
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factors that contribute to homelessness
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long-term structural changes in econ, cut backs in social service budgets, econ downturn
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welfare
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assortment of policies and programs designed to improve well-being of some low income ppl
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stratification
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hierarchical division of society
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social stratification
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society's system of ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
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hierarchy accomplish
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1. creates and perpetuates inequality
2. social location determines access 3. creates and perpetuates dominant and subordinate groups |
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ideology
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system of beliefs ajd ideas that legitimize, rationalize, and justify the subordination of some groups of people and the elevation of others
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all systems of stratification have...
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a prevailing ideology
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tertiart sector growth
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aka service sector growth
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