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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Group
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Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
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Primary Group
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A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
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Secondary Group
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A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
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Instrumental Leadership
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Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
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Expressive Leadership
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Group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being
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Groupthink
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The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
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Reference Group
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A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
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In-Group
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A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
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Out-Group
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A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
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Dyad
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A social group with two members
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Triad
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A social group with three members
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Network
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A web of weak social ties
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Formal organization
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A large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently
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Bureaucracy
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An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
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Organizational Environment
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Factors outside an organization that affect its operation
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Tradition
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Values and beliefs passed from one generation to the next
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Rationality
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A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task
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Rationalization of Society
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Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought
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Bureaucratic Ritualism
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A focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals
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Bureaucratic Inertia
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The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
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Oligarchy
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The rule of the many by the few
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Scientific Management
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Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization
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Sex
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The biological distinction between females and males
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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The genitals, organs used for reproduction
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Bodily development, apart from the genitals that distinguishes biologically mature females and males
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Intersexual People
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People whose bodies (including genitals) have both female and male characteristics
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Transsexuals
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People who feel that they are one sex even though biologically they are the other
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Incest Taboo
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A norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
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Sexual Orientation
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A person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person
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Heterosexuality
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Sexual attraction to someone of the other sex
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Homosexuality
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Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex
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Bisexuality
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Sexual attraction to people of both sexes
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Asexuality
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A lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex
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Homophobia
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Discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual
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Pornography
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Sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal
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Prostitution
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The selling of sexual services
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Queer Theory
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A body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society
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Heterosexism
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A view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer"
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Abortion
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The deliberate termination of a pregnancy
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Deviance
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The recognized violation of cultural norms
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Crime
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The violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
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Social Control
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Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
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Criminal Justice System
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The organizations- police, courts, and prison officials- that respond to alleged violations of the law
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Labeling Theory
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The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
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Stigma
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A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
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Medicalization of Deviance
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The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
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White-Collar Crime
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Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
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Corporate Crime
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The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
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Organized Crime
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A business supplying illegal goods or services
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Hate Crime
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A criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
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Crimes Against the Person
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(Violent crimes) Crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others
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Crimes Against Property
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(Property Crimes) Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others
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Victimless Crimes
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Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
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Plea Bargaining
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A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendent's guilty plea
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Retribution
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An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
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Deterrence
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The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
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Rehabilitation
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A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
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Societal Protection
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Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution
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Criminal Recidivism
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Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
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Community-Based Corrections
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Correctional programs operating with society at large rather than behind prison walls
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Social Stratification
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A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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Social Mobility
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A change in position within the social hierarchy
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Caste System
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Social stratification based on ascription, or birth
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Class System
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Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
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Meritocracy
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Social stratification based on personal merit
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Status Consistency
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The degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
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Structural Social Mobility
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A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
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Ideology
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Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
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Davis-Moore Thesis
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The assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
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Capitalists
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People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
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Proletarians
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People who sell their labor for wages
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Alienation
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The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
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Blue-Collar Occupations
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Lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
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White-Collar Occupations
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Higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
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Socioeconomic Status
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A composite ranking based on the various dimensions of social inequality
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Conspicuous Consumption
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Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
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Income
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Earnings from work or investments
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Wealth
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The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
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Intragenerational Social Mobility
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A change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
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Intergenerational Social Mobility
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Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
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Relative Poverty
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The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
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Absolute Poverty
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A lack of resources that is life-threatening
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Feminization of Poverty
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The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
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