Sociology Ch 5

Front 1

social groups

Back 1

clusters of people with whom we interact in our daily lives

Front 2

formal organizations

Back 2

huge corporations and other bureaucracies

Front 3

social group

Back 3

2 or more people who identify with and interact with one another

Hint 3

people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests

Front 4

caregory

Back 4

people with same status

Hint 4

most strangers to one another
ex. women, African Americans, soldiers, etc

Front 5

crowd

Back 5

loosely formed collection of people

Hint 5

ex. people in stadium

Front 6

primary group

Back 6

small group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

Hint 6

ex. family

Front 7

secondary group

Back 7

large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

Front 8

secondary relationships

Back 8

involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another

Hint 8

ex. groups or class in school

Front 9

primary

Back 9

personal orientation
long-term
broad; many activities
end in themselves
families, circle of friends

Front 10

secondary

Back 10

goal orientation
short-term
narrow; few activities
means to an end
co-workers, political orgs

Front 11

instrumental leadership

Back 11

group leadership that focuses on completion of tasks

Hint 11

leaders make plans, give orders, and get things done

Front 12

expressive leadership

Back 12

group leader that focuses on the group's well-being

Hint 12

less interest in achieving goal; more focus on minimize tension and conflict

Front 13

instrumental

Back 13

formal; secondary
give orders; reward or punish
earn respect

Front 14

expressive

Back 14

personal; primary
offer sympathy; keep united; lighten serious mood
earn affection

Front 15

authoritarian leadership

Back 15

focus on instrumental concerns, take personal charge of decision making, and demands members to obey orders

Hint 15

win little affection; appreciated in crisis

Front 16

Democratic leadership

Back 16

more expressive, making point of including everyone in decision making process

Hint 16

during crisis, leader draw on all people's ideas to come up b with creative solution

Front 17

laissez-faire leadership

Back 17

lets group function more or less on its own

Hint 17

least effective in accomplishing group goals

Front 18

groupthink

Back 18

tendency of group members to conform, resulting in narrow view of some issue

Hint 18

see in gov
ex. invasion of Iraq bc all mis-thought that there were weapons of mass destruction

Front 19

reference group

Back 19

social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

Hint 19

can be primary or secondary
source of well-being
change throughout life

Front 20

anticipatory socialization

Back 20

conforming to groups we dont belong to in order to win acceptance

Hint 20

dressong like people in company during interview

Front 21

in-group

Back 21

a social group which a member feels respect and loyalty

Hint 21

based on each individual

Front 22

out-group

Back 22

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

Hint 22

based on each individual

Front 23

dyad

Back 23

a social group with 2 members

Hint 23

more intense
unstable

Front 24

triad

Back 24

a social group with 3 members

Hint 24

more stable bc 1 member can be mediator; however, 2 members can press views on other or 2 closer and exclude 3rd

Front 25

network

Back 25

a web of weak social ties

Hint 25

occasional contact but lack sense of belonging
includes large # of people
"social capital"

Front 26

formal organizations

Back 26

large secondary groups organized to achieve goals efficiently

Hint 26

impersonal and formal
ex. corporation and gov agencies

Front 27

utilitarian organization

Back 27

group that pays people for efforts

Hint 27

join by choice
ex. gov agencies, business

Front 28

normative organization

Back 28

not for income but to pursue some goal that they think is worthwhile

Hint 28

voluntary association
ex. community service group, political parties, religious group

Front 29

coercive organization

Back 29

involuntary membership;
forced to join as a form of punishment or treatment;
isolate people for period of time un order to radically change attitudes and behaviors

Hint 29

ex. prisons and mental hospitals
have locked doors, barred windows, constant supervision

Front 30

tradition

Back 30

values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Hint 30

makes society conservative bc limits efficiency and ability to change

Front 31

rationality

Back 31

way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

Hint 31

pays little attention to past and open to changes to get stuff done better or faster

Front 32

rationalization if society

Back 32

historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought

Front 33

bureaucracy

Back 33

organization model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Front 34

6 key elements of ideal bureaucracy

Back 34

1. specialization
2.hierarchy of offices
3.rules and regulations
4 .technical competence
5.impersonality
6.formal, written communication

Front 35

organizational environment

Back 35

factors outside an organization thay affect its operation

Hint 35

includes tech, economy and political trends, current events, available workforce, and ther organizations

Front 36

where does informality come from

Back 36

personalities of leaders

Front 37

bureaucratic alienation

Back 37

dehumanize people it serves

Hint 37

don't respond to personal needs; seen as case

Front 38

bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism

Back 38

have too much red tape=important work doesnt get done

Front 39

bureaucratic ritualism

Back 39

focusing on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the organization's goals

Hint 39

take focus away from stated goals

Front 40

bureaucratic inertia

Back 40

tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Hint 40

redefines goals
ex. agricultural dept

Front 41

oligarchy

Back 41

the rule of the many by the few

Hint 41

few leaders in charge of resources of entire organization
makes efficient but leaders abuse power
distances leaders

Front 42

scientific management

Back 42

application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization

Hint 42

obsrtve, analyze, reform
leads to greater productivity and greayer social inequality btwn management and workers

Front 43

3 challenges of formal organizations

Back 43

1. race and gender
2 . Japanese work organization
3. changing nature of work

Front 44

open organization

Back 44

motivate employees to work harder and commit to company

Hint 44

seek imput of employees

Front 45

female advantage

Back 45

1. value communication and share info more
2. flexible leaders and give employees more freedom
3. emphasize interconnectedness of all operations

Hint 45

female=info focus
male=image focus

Front 46

how formal organizations differ today from past

Back 46

creative freedom
competitive work teams
flatter org
greater flexibility

Front 47

Mcdonaldization

Back 47

way of saying we model many aspects of life on approach taken by McDonald's

Hint 47

ex. go to store with same stuff, 10 min oil change, atms
fast paced and specialized

Front 48

4 principles of mcdonaldization

Back 48

1. efficiency
2. predictability
3. uniformity
4. control

Front 49

intelligent organization

Back 49

more productive than ever, less alienation, creative freedom

Front 50

social category

Back 50

not social group
people who share status
do not necessarily know or interact with each other