Sociology Ch 3 Society And Culture.

Front 1

Name 3 important facts connected with Charles Darwin.

Back 1

1. 1859 the biologist that wrote the Origin of Species.
2. Credited with the theory of evolution.
3.Evolved simple bacteria to the more comple creatures.

Front 2

Who described the different cultures of the 20th Century as three "taste cultures" high, folk, and popular.

Back 2

Herbert Gans

Front 3

Who was the Journalist who described how technology leads many people to "multi-tasking" or where people try to drive cars, make phone calls, eat and read at the same time.

Back 3

James Gleick

Front 4

Who showed how cab drivers used the time of day, dress, age, race, and "body language" to determine who was or was not a trustworthy passenger.

Back 4

James Henslin

Front 5

Who came up with the term "cultural lag" to refer to how cultural (values, norms etc.) change often lags behind technological changes.

Back 5

William Ogburn

Front 6

What were the names of the 2 anthropologists that maintained tht language not onlyreflects thoughts and perceptions, but it also shapes the way people think and how they perceive their words.

Back 6

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf.

Front 7

Why was Max Weber in contrast with William Ogburn?

Back 7

He demonstrated how values like hard work, saving and individuality (he named the "Protestant Ethic") played an important role in th development of capitalism.

Front 8

Who described some core values of the American culture as described in your textbook?

Back 8

Robin Williams.

Front 9

What is Afrocentrism?

Back 9

Emphasizes the preeminence of African and African -American culture in human development.73

Front 10

What is an agrarian society?

Back 10

A society dependent on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive farming methods.

Front 11

What are beliefs?

Back 11

Assertions about the nature of reality.63

Front 12

What are countercultures?

Back 12

Groups that reject important social conventions and standards of behavior and provide alternatives of mainstream culture.71

Front 13

What is the cultural ecological approach?

Back 13

An approach that examines the relationship between a culture and it's total environment. 76

Front 14

What is cultural hegemony?

Back 14

Domination of cultural industres by elite groups.

Front 15

What is cultural lag?

Back 15

Inconsistancies in a cultural system, especially in therelationship between technology and nonmaterial culture. 76

Front 16

What is cultural relativism?

Back 16

Asks that we evalute other cultures according to their standards, not ours. 68

Front 17

What is culture?

Back 17

The learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members. 57

Front 18

What is culture shock?

Back 18

Feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture. 67

Front 19

What is ethnocentrism?

Back 19

The tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards. 68

Front 20

What is eurocentrism?

Back 20

The belief that European cultures have contributed the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others.73

Front 21

What are folkways?

Back 21

Informal rules and expectations that guide peoples' everyday lives.

Front 22

What is a Horticultural society?

Back 22

A society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops. 55

Front 23

What is a hunting-gathering society?

Back 23

A society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies. 55

Front 24

What is Ideal culture?

Back 24

What people should do, according to group norms and values. 75

Front 25

What is Industrial society?

Back 25

A society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distruibute food, information, goods and services.

Front 26

How is language defined?

Back 26

A complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication. 61

Front 27

How is "laws" defined?

Back 27

Formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society. 66

Front 28

What is material culture?

Back 28

Artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings. 57

Front 29

What are "mores"?

Back 29

Norms that people consider vital to the proper working of society. 66

Front 30

What is multiculturalism?

Back 30

Encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences. 72

Front 31

What is nonmaterial culture?

Back 31

Mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior. 57

Front 32

What are "norms"?

Back 32

Expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide behavior of group members. 65

Front 33

What is pastoral society?
As in a pasture.

Back 33

A society that depends on its livelihood on domesticated animals. 55

Front 34

What is a postindustrial society?

Back 34

Where service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy. 55

Front 35

What is real culture?

Back 35

What people do in everyday social interaction. 75

Front 36

What are sanctions?

Back 36

Penalties or rewards societie uses to encourage conformity and punish devience. 67

Front 37

How is society defind?

Back 37

People who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture. 54

Front 38

What is sociocultural evolution?

Back 38

A process in which societies grow more comple in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time. 55

Front 39

What are subcultures?

Back 39

Groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles. 71

Front 40

How is symbol defined?

Back 40

Anything to which group members assign meaning. 60

Front 41

What are taboos?

Back 41

Prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable. 66

Front 42

How is values defined?

Back 42

Shared ideas about what is socially desirable. 63.

Front 43

What 3 great technological revolutions have transformed society and cultural life?

Back 43

1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution.
3. Information Revolution (is underway today)

Front 44

What are the six types of societies?

Back 44

1. Hunting-gathering.
2. Pastoral
3. Horticultural
4. Agragerian
5. Industrial
6. Postindustrial

Front 45

What society is:
1. The most ancient and enduring of all human adaptions.
2. Consisted of 50-150 members typically related to one another by blood or marriage.

Back 45

The hunting-gathering society

Front 46

When did the first Horticultural society appear?

Back 46

They ppeared in the Middle East between 9,000 and 11,000 years ago.

Front 47

Which society:
1. Appeared in the Middle East about 6,000 years ago.
2. Advanced with the plow, surplus of food, division of labor, made permanent settlements possible.
3. Established long distance trade networks. Political and religious institutions grew more complex.

Back 47

Agragerian society.

Front 48

What began in the late 1700s in Great Britain with the invention and industrial application of the steam engine?

Back 48

The Industrial Revolution.

Front 49

Unlike agrarian societies are labor intensive what society relies on machines, capital,education, and a skilled workforce?

Back 49

Industrial societies.

Front 50

What society is newly emerging form wherein service industries and the production of information and knowledge dominate the economy.

Back 50

Postindustrial society.

Front 51

Early social scientists tended to believe the evolution of culture was based on what?

Back 51

Based on nature, a concept originating with Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

Front 52

Today, most social scientists hold that human behaviors are?

Back 52

learned and cultrally patterened within groups.

Front 53

Groups transform nature into " - " that guide their members' understanding of ---------.

Back 53

"cultural worlds"
reality.

Front 54

Westerns "----- --- ------" and perceive ----- in a ------ manner. Native Americans and pastoral- society Africans see ----- as circular and based on -------- -------.

Back 54

Weasterns "watch the clock" time linear.
Africans see time based on natural rhythems.

Front 55

T or F Cultural conceptions of physical attractiveness and beauty vary around the world.

Back 55

True.

Front 56

Biological forms of communication are called -----,and serve as the basis of ----------- between animals

Back 56

signs, communication.

Front 57

--------- are anything to which group members assign meaning.

Back 57

symbols.

Front 58

What is the difference between a sign and a symbol?

Back 58

The difference between signs and symbols is that symbols are purely arbitrary and subject to the meaning we want to attach to them.

Front 59

There are abuot how many estimated spoken languages worldwide?

Back 59

3,000-5,000

Front 60

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, what does the language of each culture do?

Back 60

The language of each culture shapes a person's perception of the world and leads people to think and believe in certain ways.

Front 61

What are assertions about the nature of reality?

Back 61

Beliefs.

Front 62

Many beliefs that are considered as "truths" are based on what?

Back 62

social agreement rather than objective reality.

Front 63

Belief systems in complex societies are prone to include what?

Back 63

Multiple and competing belief systems and often many contradictions.

Front 64

What are shared ideas about what is socially desirable?

Back 64

Values.

Front 65

What sociologist identified 7 sets of core values widely shared in the U.S.

Back 65

Robin Williams.

Front 66

What are the 7 sets of core values identified by sociologist Robin Willliams.

Back 66

1. Individualism and Freedom.
2. Equality.
3. Achievement.
4. Efficiency and Practicality
5. Progress and Technology
6.Material Comfort and Consumerism
7. Work and Leisure.

Front 67

What is the Relativist fallacy?

Back 67

commission of the error of viewing all cultural practices as being equally valid and worthy of respect.

Front 68

Attempting to justify Nazi genocide and apartheid South Africa are examples of what?

Back 68

Relativist thoery.

Front 69

Who identified 3 major kinds of "taste cultures" in all advanced industrial societies.

Back 69

Herbert Gans

Front 70

What are the 3 major kinds of
taste cultures identified by Herbert Gans?

Back 70

1. High Culture.
2. Folk Culture
3. Popular Culture.

Front 71

Which culture includes tastes and dreations supported and used by the upper classes and intelligentsia to make fine distinctions within their rank and to distinguish themselves from those beneath them in the social hierarchy?

Back 71

High Culture

Front 72

Which culture includes art, dance,music, and other creations of the working class and minority group members in their home environments?

Back 72

Folk Culture.

Front 73

What culture comprises tastes and creations that appeal to the masses?

Back 73

Popular Culture.

Front 74

Ideal culture is what people ------- do according to group norms.

Back 74

should

Front 75

Real culture is what people ------- do in everyday social interaction.

Back 75

actually

Front 76

An example of culture and functionalism is the -------- --------------- that examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment.

Back 76

Cultural Ecological Approach

Front 77

An example of culture and the conflict perspective is ---------- -------------, or the domination of cultural industrialists by elite groups.

Back 77

Cultural Hegemony.

Front 78

What does the Symbolic interactionist approach to culture focus on?

Back 78

How individuals an groups use symbols to define and interpret reality.