Sociology Ch 1 & 2

Front 1

the systematic study of human society

Back 1

Sociology

Front 2

the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people

Back 2

Sociological perspective

Front 3

the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

Back 3

Global perspective

Front 4

the nations with the highest overall standards of living

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High-income countries

Front 5

nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

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Middle-income countries

Front 6

nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor

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Low-income countries

Front 7

a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation

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Positivism

Front 8

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

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Theory

Front 9

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Back 9

Theoretical approach

Front 10

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex sysrem whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

Back 10

Structural-functional approach

Front 11

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Back 11

Social structure

Front 12

the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

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Social function

Front 13

the recognized and inherited consequences of any social pattern

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Manifest pattern

Front 14

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

Back 14

Social dysfunction

Front 15

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

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Latent functions

Front 16

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequity that generates conflict and change

Back 16

Social-conflict approach

Front 17

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

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Gender-conflict approach

Front 18

support of social equality for women and men

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Feminism

Front 19

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

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Race-conflict approach

Front 20

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

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Macro-level approach

Front 21

a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations

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Micro-level orientation

Front 22

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

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Symbolic-interaction approach

Front 23

the study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior

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Positivist sociology

Front 24

information we can verify with our senses

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Empirical evidence

Front 25

a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systematic observation

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Science

Front 26

a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form

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Concept

Front 27

a concept whose value changes from case to case

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Variable

Front 28

a procedure for determining that value of a variable in a specific case

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Measurment

Front 29

consistency in measurment

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Reliability

Front 30

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

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Validity

Front 31

a relationship in which two or more variable change together

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Correlation

Front 32

a relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable)

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Cause and effect

Front 33

the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior

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Positivst sociology

Front 34

the study of society that focuses on disovering the meanings people attach to their social world

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Interpretive sociology

Front 35

the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

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Critical sociology

Front 36

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

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Gender

Front 37

a systematic plan for doing research

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Research method

Front 38

a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

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Experiment

Front 39

a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview

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Survey

Front 40

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

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Participant observation

Front 41

a simplified description applied to every person in some category

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Sterotype

Front 42

the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a peoples way of life

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Culture

Front 43

people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

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Society

Front 44

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

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Culture shock

Front 45

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

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Symbol

Front 46

a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

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Language

Front 47

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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Cultural transmission

Front 48

the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

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Sapir-whorf thesis

Front 49

culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

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Values

Front 50

specific ideas that people hold to be true

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Beliefs

Front 51

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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Norms

Front 52

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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Norms

Front 53

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

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Mores

Front 54

norms for routine or casual interaction

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Folkways

Front 55

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

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Technology

Front 56

the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food

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Hunting and gathering

Front 57

the use of hand tools to raise crops

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Horticulture

Front 58

the domestication of animals

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Pastoralism

Front 59

large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

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Agriculture

Front 60

the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

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Industry

Front 61

the production of information using computer technology

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Postindustrialism

Front 62

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

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High culture

Front 63

cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

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Pop culture

Front 64

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

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Multiculturalism

Front 65

the dominance of European (espcially English) cultural patterns

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Eurocentrism

Front 66

emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns

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Afrocentrism

Front 67

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

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Subculture

Front 68

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

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Counterculture

Front 69

the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

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Cultural integration

Front 70

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

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Cultural lag

Front 71

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

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Ethnocentrism

Front 72

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

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Cultural relativism

Front 73

traits that are part of every known culture

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Cultural universals

Front 74

a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

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Sociobiology