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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sociology commonly confused with?
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social work, socialism (governing philosophy that pushes centralized management), statistics (it is the interpretation of these), therapy
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value-neutral
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doesn't side with one side or the other
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Sociology
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a discipline (language) given to systematically understanding society
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Society
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a population that's prganized to carry out the major functions of life
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Weltenshaung
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a world view
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Who was Wright Mills, what did he write, and what was his main idea?
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Marxist/Socialist who wrote "The Sociological Imagination". said that personal troubles and public issues are not the same
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What were Peter Berger's three ideas?
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Debunking, unrespectability, and relativization
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Debunking
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going beyond conventional wisdom ("things are not what they seem")
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Unrespectability
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everything is worthy of study (not seeking to validate)
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Relativization
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mobility of mind ("what if life was different?")
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What was Andre Guery associated with?
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Moral statistics (crime in France)
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What did Emile Durkheim write and when?
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Suicide, in 1897
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Who first coined the term "sociologist"?
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Emile Durkheim
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Sociology is the study of _______
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social facts
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What are the two types of social facts?
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external and coercive
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What is sociology commonly confused with?
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social work, socialism (governing philosophy that pushes centralized management), statistics (it is the interpretation of these), therapy
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value-neutral
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doesn't side with one side or the other
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Sociology
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a discipline (language) given to systematically understanding society
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Society
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a population that's prganized to carry out the major functions of life
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Weltenshaung
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a world view
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Who was Wright Mills, what did he write, and what was his main idea?
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Marxist/Socialist who wrote "The Sociological Imagination". said that personal troubles and public issues are not the same
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What were Peter Berger's three ideas?
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Debunking, unrespectability, and relativization
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Debunking
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going beyond conventional wisdom ("things are not what they seem")
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Unrespectability
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everything is worthy of study (not seeking to validate)
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Relativization
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mobility of mind ("what if life was different?")
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What was Andre Guery associated with?
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Moral statistics (crime in France)
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What did Emile Durkheim write and when?
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Suicide, in 1897
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Who first coined the term "sociologist"?
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Emile Durkheim
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Sociology is the study of _______
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social facts
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What are the two types of social facts?
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external and coercive
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What are external social facts?
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Expectations, don't come from within. We are not free to make our own definitions of [fatherhood]
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What are coercive social facts?
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They exercise restraint on us. However, they can be changed
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Human behavior is _________ and ___________.
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patterned, linked
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Ritzger says that banks no longer encourage _______; but instead _____ and _____.
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saving; spending, debt.
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What are two examples of things that are personal and public troubles?
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Divorce, and credit card debt.
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In sociology, we look no at the _______ or _______ senses of behavior, but at the ________.
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biological, physical, social roots.
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When we look at gender roles, what must we first examine?
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Social expectations and Experience
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Theories
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patterns in the social world applied back to observations
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Data
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the observations that theories are applied to
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Inductive thinking
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the search for patterns
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Deductive thinking
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the application of patterns
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Agency
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humans have free will
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deterministic
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if the reasons are right, this will happen (humans do NOT have)
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What are the two levels of explanation?
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Ideographic and Nomethetic
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Ideographic
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explains the event in its entirety
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Nomothetic
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major causes of general phenomena rather than a specific event
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What are the two criteria for causation?
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Chronology and Connection
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Chronology
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does your independent variable precede in time your dependent variable?
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Connection
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consistency
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spuriousness
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much broader story (finding the third variable that relates the othet two)
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What are two common mistakes with causation
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Provincialism and tunnel vision
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provincialism
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finding what you "want" to find
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tunnel vision
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moving too quickly from one cause to the effect
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What are the two ways to measure accuracy?
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Validity and reliability
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Validity
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are you measuring what you think you're measuring?
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reliability
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are your measures consistent?
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Conceptualization
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the refinement and specification of abstract terms
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Operationalization
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development of procedures for observing and defining behaviors
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analytical perspective
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what we see is dependent on how we see it
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All knowledge is contingent on your ____________
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social and chronological location
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What are the three parts of the social construction of reality?
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Externalization, objectivization, and internalization
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externalization
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the discovery of a new piece of knowledge
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objectivization
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the fact takes on a life of its own (we forget how we know it)
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internalization
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affects our behavior
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______ is modified by _______
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nature, nurture
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socialization
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process of an infant learning how to get along in society
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what are the two types of socialization
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Primary and Secondary
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Primary Socialization
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takes place during childhood and refers to the major ways of life in a given society
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Secondary Socialization
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more specific to a given role or profession, usually later in life
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Self
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unique set of traists, behaviors, and values that distinguish one person from the next. (active and passive)
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What was the idea that C.H. Cooley came up with?
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looking-glass self (self awareness.
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G.H. Mead came up with the idea of ______
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I and Me (playing and gaming). I is not socialized and me has been socialized.
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playing
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no worries about other players. not taking into account the other person
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gaming
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knows to take others expectations into account
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Status
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a named position (father)
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Role
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set of rules and expectations
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Group
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a network of roles ineracting with some frequency
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Primary group
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small in number, have contact over long period of time (family)
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secondary group
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don't interact a lot, not much emotional intensity
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family
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group of persons connected by kinship
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kinship
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lines of descent or marriage
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marriage
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socially recognized sexual union
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homogomy
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tend to marry someone who looks like you (racial group, economic class, education level)
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equity theory
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people bring resources to a marriage.
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What are the three types of property in family?
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erotic, generational, and household
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religion
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a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
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what are the two realms of religion?
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sacred and profane
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sacred realm
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that which inspires awe, can be humbling and fearful
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profane realm
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just ordinary
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simple supernaturalism
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no discontinuity between senses and divine
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animism
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everything inhabited by gods
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theism
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gods are seperate from everything else
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abstract ideals
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ethical understandings of the world that are centered on some aspect of spirituality
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civil religions
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beliefs and rituals that communicate meaning outside religious institutions
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church
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large established religious body in the social order with little tension between morals and society
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sect
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small, less integrated into social order. high tension in surrounding community.
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cult
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brand new religious innovations.
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secularization
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more and more of life is coming out from under religious control
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fundamentalism
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reclaimed authority for religion over a culture that has strayed from its moorings
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The state
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a compulsory political association with continuous organization whose administrative staff successfully claims the monopoly of violence in enforcement of its orders
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sovreignty
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within its borders, the state is supreme
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nationalism
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a sense of belonging..."imainged community"
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citizenship
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we have rights in society
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what are the three characteristics of the state?
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sovreignty, nationalism, and citizenship
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what are the three types of rights that we have?
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civil, political, and social
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civil rights
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equal protection before the law
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political rights
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rights of participation
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social rights
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minimum standards of security
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power
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the ability of a group or person to achieve their goals despite opposition
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pluralists
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believe that power is widely distributed among competing interest groups (alliance building)
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elitists
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see an overlapping network of leaders in various fields running the shoq
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how are decisions made in pluralism?
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by negotiationa nd compromise
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how are decisions made in elitism?
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by a small group with little input from others
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capitalism
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private property and competition. takes money to make money
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socialism
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collective ownership and central management. no incentive to work.
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What did Marx say that the single most important characteristic is?
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Labor. noble but difficult existence.
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labor should teach us to _______
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cooperate
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with industrialization comes _____
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surplus
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what are the two classes of karl marx?
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bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers)
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workers own nothing except their ________
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labor
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What are the two conditions under which we labor?
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external (not human nature. should be satisfying) and forced (must do it to survive.)
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what is the "third group" of workers?
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salesmen
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solidarity
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capacity for collective action, holds us together. "social glue"
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two types of solidarity
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mechanical (common experience) and organic (difference, exchange, and complexity)
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morality
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you know what is right because you have been taught what is right; internalized the demands of the social order
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what are the two types of suicide?
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altruistic and egoistic
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altruistic suicide
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someone kills themself for the good of the group
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egoistic suicide
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person chooses to end their own life
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cultural anthropology
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particulars and universals in human behavior
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psychological behaviorism
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operant behavior, change behavior that wouldn't be natural
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economics
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exhange and rational behavior
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distributive justice
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the exchange network stays open (both ust feel that they got a good deal)
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What are Homans five propositions?
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Success, stimulus, value, deprivation-satiation, and aggression-approval
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the success proposition
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if an activity has been rewarded in the past, it will be more likely to be repeated
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the stimulus proposition
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if behavior has been helpful has been helpful once, it will be helpful again
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the value proposition
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endure increased costs for the rewards they find more valuable
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rationality proposition
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A=pV (action = probability x value)
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the deprivation-statiation proposition
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behaviors are more/less likely in proportion to the deprivation/satiation of te reward
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the aggression-approval proposition
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if the reward is not forthcoming, the actor will become aggressive
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values
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beliefs about the way the world should be (just)
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norms
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socially approved of means for pursuing goals
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voluntaristic theory of action
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actors -> means -> goals
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conformity
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more goals, more means
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innovation
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more goals, less means
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ritualism
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less goals, more means
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retreatism
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less goals, less means
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moral
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we believe in notions of right and wrong
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second order desires
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the ability to reflect on your actions or convictions and change them somehow
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morals orders
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shared obligations that are bigger than the individual(schools, churches, etc)
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metanarratives
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big stories about the world (how it works, where it came from)
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