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199 Cards in this Set
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Sociology
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study of people and how they relate to society
its about culture, beliefs, norms, and values |
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sociologiest
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do not study motivation
psychologist do |
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auguste comte
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fater of sociology
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max weber was..
what were his three dimensions of social stratification |
socialologist and economist who linked the creation of capitalism to the calvinist doctrin, specifically th doctrin of predestination..or before your were born god ment for you to do something
status, class, party (political) |
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legal rational
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authority that ment there were clearly defined rights and laws that must be upheld
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verstehen
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explains how beliefs make people act
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economy
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technical and official name for the production, distribution for goods and services in exchange for other services or money
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currency
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most common way to purchase goods
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Macrosociology
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when sociologist study large groups
EX. Marriage and relations as a whole |
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microsociology
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when sociologist study small groups
EX. Individual basis |
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Capitalism
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monetary system where individuals are encouraged to make new business and strive for the biggest profit, the gov has limited influence other than business laws and practice EX U.S.
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Socialism
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when the goods of the group supercedes the good of the private individual......each person works to better society,
gov controls all natural resources, business, and social programs |
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Welfare capitalism
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the government pays for all educationa dn health coverage..
EX. Canada and Sweden |
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Communism
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all menas of production are owned by the government and profits are all shared equaly
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globalization
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take over and expansion of current markets into new global markets.
EX. Cell phone market |
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Education is net for problems such as...
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learning disabilities, physical abuse, sight and hearing problems, speech problems, and social problems.
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Private Vs. Public schools
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poor beleive that they are at a disadvantage because they will not recieve as good of education as those in private expensive schools
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What does family do?
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give membership, sense of belonging,and to transfer culture and traditions
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traditional family is known as
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nuclear family
mom dad and children live together |
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extended family is
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the nuclear family plus grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins etc.
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the family instution is bases ont he instution of marriage
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:)
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Endogamy
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same class or group marry
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exogamy
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different class or group marry
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monogamy
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one man and woman
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polygamy
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one man multiple woman
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polyandry
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one woman many men
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matrilocality
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married couple lives with wifes parents
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patriolocality
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married couple lives with husbands parents
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Alternative families or blended family
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step parents, step-childre and single parent household
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alternative medical forms fro wester medicine
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herbology, acupuncture and midwifery...they use these because they are disapointed with the results from modern medicine
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Monarchy
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political system where one family controls the governemnt..power passes from generation to generation....EX kings and queens
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absolute monarchy
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when kings and queens have absolute control
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constitutional monarchy
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kings and queens are symbolic but elected officials do the work..EX England
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Democracy
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form of government where citizens elect officials.. EX USA
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Republican
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government should be limited in providing socail services
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Democrats
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government should be active in promoting welfare of the country
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Authoritatianism
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type of government which does n ot allow citizens to participate in government
EX China |
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Totalitarianism
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Government controls almost every aspect of their citizen's lives
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Monotheistic
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one god
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polytheistic
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more than one god
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Christianity
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believe that jesus was the son of god and savior of mankind
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judaism
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before christianity..they beleiev they are the chosen people of god
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Islam
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muslims. Word of god was revieled to muhammad. Allah is the same god just different name.. Text is the Koran
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Buddhism
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they follow Siddhartha Gautama from 6th century...teaching includes rejected material
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Sect
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A religious group that sets itself apart from society in mannerism as well as location
EX. Amish |
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Fundamentalists
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people who are stricter in their interpretation of their belief...
EX Austin the cheese dick |
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Cult
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group that is outside all cultural norms
Leader exherts extreme control often brainwashes people and lives in compounds People's temle mass suicide by kool-aid and grape juice. |
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Slaver
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been around since the bible
taken as prisoners of war, for debts owed, of payment of a crime a family member committed |
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First to import slaves into the new world?
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Portuguese
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Who participated in buying and selling of slaves
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spain, england, holland, and france
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Triangular Trade
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Connected Europe, Africa, and the America's with slaves.
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seasoning
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process to prepare a slave for sale.. 30% did not survive
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Africa Exported?
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slaves
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West Indies exported?
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sugar, Mollasses and rum
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England exported?
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Manufactured goods
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American colonies exported?
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fish, grain, flour, and lumber
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All collinies had legalized slaver by when? what made slavery popular?
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1750
rising wages on indentured servants |
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What were the slave restrictions?
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right to assembly
earn money seek education autonomy of movement |
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Indentured servants
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pledge to work for an individual for 7 years in exchange to bring them to the new world
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slavery still exist is?
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sex slaves in asis
slavery is the lowest class |
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Participant
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person or animal in a scientific study or experiment, also known as a subject
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Sample
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Small collection of a whole population. The more people the more accurate
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Variable
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Everything that a scientist measures and studies.
EX time it takes for a person to fall asleep, how much caffein is in there system, distractions in the room etc. |
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researchers must meet four main tests..
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replicable, falsifiable, precisely stated, most logical and simplest explanation possible to answer the theory.
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replicable
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If a expermient can be reproduced by different people at different locations someone is replicable
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quantitative
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measurable
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qualitative
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similar in structure or organization but can not be measured
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Falsifiable
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stated in a way that can be excepted of rejected
EX. smoking is bad for you becasue it contains carcinogens |
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Confirmation Bias
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when researchers only accept the information that proves there theory and ignors the information that does not.
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principle of parsimony/Occam's razor
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most logical, simpliest explination as an answer to their theory
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Scientific Meathod 4 steps
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accepted way to do research
research and collect data form hypothesis test it observe experiment interperate data and draw conclusion and revise hypothesis if needed |
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Case Study
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A single individual is intensely studied. Data is collected through interviews, its employees, neighbors, contacts, ETC Also through personal records and testing and direct observation
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Survey
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something mailed out using sampling meathods
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self-report data
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when a participant fills out a survey about themselves...sometimes not as accurate due to dishonesty
EX. are you ever late to work? Many answers with the answers they feel that researchers or themselves want to hear instead of the truth |
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Naturalistic observation
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Jean Piaget
When researchers observe or study subjects without interaction of interfering with them. IE...in there natural environment |
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Laboratory Observation
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In a lab...selected to monitor specific biological changes in individuals. Machines can study participants...sometime one way mirrors are used to observe
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Psychological Tests
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MMPI
Minesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory This gives info about participants interest etc.. Participants scores are compared to the norms for the test valid if it measures what it is supposed to |
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Content Validity
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applied when test measure something with more than one facet
EX. Test for overall cooking skills would not be valid if it only tested baking and not all skills |
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Cross Section Studies
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People of different ages are studied at one paticular time
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longitudinal studies
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When people are followed and studied over a long period of time and checked up on at certain points
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Correleation Research
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used to show links between events, people, actions and behaviors.
Correlation research does not determine the causes of behavior but links it to statistics |
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correlation is not..
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causation
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Correlation Coefficient
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measures the strength between two variables...number between 1 and -1
closer they are to the whole number the stronger the correlation |
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Positive correlation
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one variable increases the other variable increases as well.
1 up |
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negative correlation
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one variable increases and the other variable decreases
-1 down |
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no correlation
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0 scattered all over
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Census
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collection of data from all cases or people in the chosen set
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sampling
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10% portion of a large group
larger the sample the more accurate |
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Independant variable
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variable that researchers have direct control over
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dependent variable
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no control observed by researcher
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Experiment group
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get the drugs
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control group
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get sugar pill
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random assignment
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assigned randomly to a group
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double blind experiment
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no doctors, researchers, or participants know who gets the real drug...often assigned by computer
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single blind experiment
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one side of the experiment knows who has what pills
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placebo effect
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participant thinks they are feeling the drug but it is only a sugar pill
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Bias
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distortion of results
placebo= subject bias experimenter and resarcher bias eliminated by double blind experiments |
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Stanley Milgram
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shock experiment...controvercial caused emotional discomfort
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disadvantage of experiments
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lots of rules
not evrything can be tested that way |
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Mean
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average
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mode
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number MOST often
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range
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biggest minus the smallest
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median
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middle number when they are in numeric order
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Standard Deviation
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1find average of all number
2take the number minus average and square them 3divide by how many variables |
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Normal distribution
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standard deviations from the mean
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Normal distribution curve
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middle is mean
either way is the average minus the st deviation |
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Aggregate
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group of people that accidentally or randomly came together to form a group
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Primary Group
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social group with intense intimacy
EX frat brothers life long friendship |
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Secondary group
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A less intimate group pursue the same goals but without a real sense of belonging
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Social Solidarity
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emotional intensity of the attachments in a group
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social conflict
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unfriendly interaction between groups
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functional perspective
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idea that society is a system
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conflict perspective
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two elements in society are in conflict
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causation
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one variable effects another variable
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Population
Thomas Robert Malthus's Essay on Principles of Population |
Of the 105 billion people who were ever born 5.5 percent are currently alive
professor Michael C Kearl--population will kill us not the atom bomb 1960 born would have seen the population double 1927 Born would have seen it tripple |
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1998 births around the world
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every minute=all players on NBA team
every hour=graduate highschool in Idaho day=population of minneapolis week=population of arkansas month=population of greece or cambodia yearly=population of all central american countries or population of greece of cambodia |
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divide the worlds population by 60 million a hundred would be
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57 Asian
21 Europeans 14 hispanic 8 african 51 female 70 non white 70 non-christian 30 christian 6 individuals control 50% of world wealth...all american 70 can read 50 have malnutrition 1 is about dead and 1 is about born 1 has college education |
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1980 global 2000 report to president
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in 2000 the world will be more crowded, more poluted and more vonerable to disruption than the world we live in now.
despite greater material outputs the world will be poorer |
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while in 1950 some ----% resided in industrial democracies
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22
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by 2100 --- will be living in the third world
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9/10
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in 2001 --/-- lived in two countries china and india
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1/3 the two contries populations exceeded one billion
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Paul Ehrlich's warning
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the population bomb
humanity is not immune from the laws of nature when there is too many people habitat will die back of population crash |
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Society
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Group of people in an area with social ties
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main parts of cultures
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Symbols, ideas, and objects that are created and used
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stratification
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unequal distribution of rewards---social ladder
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classes
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people who share the same position..money
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Upward Mobility
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upward change in social class
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downward mobility
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downward change in social class
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Status
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The rank of a person in society
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Ascribed status
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position given to those but have not achieved it on there own
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achieved status
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position that was gained by achievenemt
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Local network
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dense network with strong ties, local networks cuz they are face to face interactions...clustered geographically EX family
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Cosmopolitan network
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full of hole where ties are weak....scattered geographically
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values
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ideas on what is desirable behavior
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norms
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rules that define expected behavior in a particular circumstace
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folkways
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manors and actions that are part of everyday life in society
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mores
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customs that are very important to your culture
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law
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created by governemnt
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culture
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sum of all human creation
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Role
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set of expectations of a person behavior based on there position in society
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ethnocentrism
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when people think that everyone should be like them
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cultural relativism
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how a person learns how to live in their environment
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Socilization
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how a person live in his or her environment
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gender socilization
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showing the ways boys and girls are socialized
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anti-semitism
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jew hater
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anomie
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instability in culture because of erosion of morals
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assimilation
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when material is taken in and made to fit with existing information
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accomodation
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the changes made to ones mind from the process of assimilation
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normative order
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creation of standards
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Merton's anomie theory
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says that deviance happens when people are blocked from achieving socially approved goals through legitimate ways
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looking glass self
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persons self esteem.....based on how other see them
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Karl Marx
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german philosopher...wrote the communist manifesto.
believed that a capitalistic environment there would be conflicts between classes of people, the workers, and the owner economy was the most basic instution followed by education, family etc |
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social institutions info
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many areas...religion, family, school political. Family is most important
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social institution
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part of a social life that is designed to meet important needs adn support value
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Family
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two or more person related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together
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between 1973 and 1981 yankelovich claimed the 3/4 of the people interviewed claim faimily life is most important value
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"great deal of satisfaction" family life most important
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marriage increase life expectancy as much as --years and has a higher percentage of cancer cure
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5
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those whose parents divorced faced a --percent chance of early death than those whos parents stayed married until they were 21
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33
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total fertility rate
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amount of children a woman could have constantly during there child bearing years.
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infant mortality rate
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amount of babies younger than 1 year divided by the number of live births
In the past 30 years the infant mortality rate int he US has declined amoung both whites and blacks...but has remained twice as high for blacks comapred to whites |
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Asians americans more formal education....massachusettes highes number of physicians per 100,000 people
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US has lowest number of women physicians lower voting turn out than european countries
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Demographic transition theory
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explains how population changes according to technology
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80/20
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twenty percent of the worlds people control 80% of the wealth
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economic growth between the 1980 and 1990
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created bigger gap between rich and poor
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in the us --% live below the poverty line...% are childre
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13
40 |
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1990's larges immigrant group
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mexicans
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Urban Sprawl
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when suburbs and large cities grow so much they become one large rambling city....leads to breakdown of zoning, parks are next to parking grages.
Industrilization made it so kids did not have to work to support the family |
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when was suicide defined as a public health hazard for the first time
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1999
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what is the majority of suicides caused by
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guy 90%
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what is the 8th leading cause of death
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suicide
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low serotonin levels have been linked to
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high suicide rate
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emile durkheim
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suicide was related to the nature of the bonds between self and society
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four ideal types of suicide
Emile Durkheim |
Ecoistic--
Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic |
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Egoistic
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most prevelant in US...result too little social interaction.
EX old lady |
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Altruistic
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excessive integration
EX kamikaze pilot |
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anomic
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too little regulation
EX divorce or un employment |
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Fatalistic
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high personal needs.
EX college student failing an exam |
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older americans commit .../... of suicides
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1/5
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1980 to 1992 suicide rate
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increased 120%
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suicide is the third ranking cause of death behind
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accidents and homicides
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suicide is...
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highly complex mixture of gentics, biochemical, psychological, societal and cultural factors.
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for a job to be seen as a profession by a sociologist it must..
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be something that can only be done with knowledge adn specialized information and traning.
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Causation
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one variable effects another variable
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interviews
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survey a sample of people to gather information
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status
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the rank of people in society
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tie
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word for social link
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population
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people who share the same geographical area
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classes
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people who share the same position
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SMSA
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Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
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halo effect
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when you think someone is good with something just becasue of there status and money
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White collar crimes
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leaves no visible evidence
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groupthink
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when someone follows the group
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dyad
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group with two people
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what political system is protrayed in animal farm
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communist
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george simmel
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studied interaction
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irving janis
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idea of groupthink
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who believes in reincarnation
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hinduism
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blended family
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step-mother, child and father
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c. wright mills
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power elite
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