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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Social stratification:
the system by which a society ranks its members in social categories of a hierarchy
Persistence of social stratification:
Social stratification persists across generations
social mobility:
Change in a social position, either downward from the original position, or upward from that starting point
ascribed status:
one that a person is assigned, over which that person has no control, but this position in the system of stratification will have consequences for every aspect of the person’s life.
Meritocracy:
literally meaning recognition based on one’s merit, what one does and how well one does it.
status symbols
material objects or behaviors that convey prestige
alienation:
feeling of powerlessness resulting from working in a system which ignores and isolates a person.
Ideology:
belief system, including values, that justifies the social arrangements and rankings in a society.
racial groups and the human species:
we are all 99.9% alike in our genetic structure, that there are no subspecies, or racial groups in the human species.
definition of racial group:
people who share a physical characteristic that the society sees as socially significant.
genocide of Tutsis
Over three-quarters of the Rwandian group known as Tutsi were systematically killed in just over 100 days. Millions of other Rwandians, both Tutsi and those who opposed the genocide, left Rwanda for neighboring countries.
Genocide
the dominant group systematically attempts to eliminate many or all of the members of a minority group.
de jure segregation
Segregation that is forced, resulting from laws or more informal norms that result in groups being separate in many ways from each other. legally required.
de facto segregation
the laws do not require segregation, but segregation is “in fact” created by the informal norms and customs of the society
pluralistic society
would be one in which different ethnic groups are able to maintain their own culture and yet be equal in the society, with equal access to the institutions and resources of that society.
Prejudice
an irrational attitude, usually negative, about members of a group that is used to justify dislike of the group.
Discrimination:
behavior directed at members of a group, which denies equal access to the resources of the society to those group members.
sex refers: to
the biological status of being male or female. Sex is related to specific genitalia and chromosomes common to males and females.
Margaret Mead observed
the Arapesh, Mundugumor and Tchambuli
Which position do the authors take on sexuality?
gender is a cultural construct, not a biological given
Margaret Mead’s anthropological studies:
Biological differences cannot be said to determine gender constructs, and, as a result, there can be no unitary or essential meaning attributable to the category ‘woman’ or to the category ‘man
Structural functional theories
focus on how the structure of society supports various forms of constructions of gender. An example is illustrated in the emphasis on the division of labor in society.
gender socialization
: the processes that produce qualities, attributes and ideologies associated with males and females in society.
gender stereotypes:
Assumptions made about qualities associated with males and females that appear to us to be natural.
Intersectionality:
suggests that the various categorical qualities of people – what some call master statuses – intersect one another and impact people occupying multiple subordinate statuses in more negative respects.
symbolic interactionism theory
Theories that focus on the social processes that lead to an individual’s understanding of gender, with an emphasis on how such processes differ across social contexts—from a school classroom to a boardroom—our personal gender identities are created in our interactions with others.
Rosaldo:
identified the dichotomy of the public/private as the determining factor in the patriarchal structure of society. She suggested that males are typically assigned to the public realm of life – politics, public affairs and the workplace – while females are assigned to the private sphere of domestic affairs.
traditional authority
a form of power that is passed down from one generation of ruler to the next and is primarily based on custom
rational-legal authority
a form of legitimate power in which rule and governing is accomplished by a code of regulations and written rules.
charismatic authority:
a form of power in which a leader’s actions are accepted as legitimate due to the leader’s individual qualities.
• representative democracy
a system of government in which citizens elect individuals who represent their interests in government
Oligarchy
when a group of individuals seize power, such as in a coup. The oligarchy acts as a band of individuals who also wield extreme power and who may appoint one individual as a ceremonial leader of the nation.
Fertility:
refers to the number of live births women have.
replacement level fertility rate:
the level of fertility at which couples have an average of two children – just replacing themselves in the population.
crude death rate:
: refers to the total number of deaths per 1,000 total population in a given year.
Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft transition:
the movement from the agricultural to the industrial (and, roughly, the concomitant transition from “community” to “society”)
post-industrial society:
a world of flexible production, new markets, economic and social transformation and a world in which technology is more prevalent than it was in industrial societies.
identity politics theory
a way of understanding power dynamics that focuses on issues of social identity, especially as social identity is defined by categories such as race, class, gender and sexuality. The identity politics approach to analyzing social movements claims movements exist in order to respond to the everyday needs of individuals who form them.