Sociology

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nature argument?

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predetermined by heredity

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nurture argument?

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acquired/learned through experience

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the process of social interaction through which individuals learn the intellectual, physical and social skills needed to function as a member of society

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socialization

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Continuity of society- what's the link between society and an individual?

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socialization

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socially defined position that one occupies in society. two different kinds?

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status; ascribed- born into, achieved- through efforts or by choice

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culturally expected patterns of behavior for each status

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role

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meanings attached to oneself by self and others

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acquiring identity

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acquiring identity emerges how?

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through a shared definition through negotiation

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in terms of personal characteristics

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personal identity

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in terms of social position, category, membership

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social identity

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human's ability to be both subjects and objects to themselves

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reflexivity

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behavior directed toward yourself

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reflexive behavior

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the process of reflexivity

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the self

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responding to the situation without reflection (spontaneous actions)

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I (the subject phase of the self)

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imagining oneself as an object in the situation (self-conscious actions)

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Me (the object phase of the self)

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what are the two consequences of the self?

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exercise of behavioral control, reflexive behavior

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development of the self- this stage consists of (0-2 yrs)
1) only the I phase exists
2) imitation of others' actions

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preparatory stage

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development of the self- this stage consists of (3-5 yrs)
1) develop me phase
2) imagining oneself in the status of the significant other and duplicating the role in play

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play stage

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development of the self- this stage consists of (early school age)
1) develop generalized other
2) start participating in society
3) learn to respond to oneself from the general standpoint

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game stage

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imaginatively placing oneself in the shoes of others in a situation

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learning role-taking

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the totality of the individual's thoughts and feelings having reference to him/herself as an object

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Self-Concept

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which step of looking-glass self includes the following:
imagination of how others see me
by taking the perspective of one's significant other

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step 1

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which step of looking-glass self includes the following:
interpretation of how others evaluate me based on your imagination of previous step

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step 2

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which step of looking-glass self includes the following:
development of self-image and self-esteem based on evaluation of yourself at previous step

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step 3

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acquisition of self control, behavior regulated by properties of self-concept (internalized values and norms, self-image as a good person)

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the mark of successful socialization

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primitive needs and drives (demands immediate gratification)

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id

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represents parental messages (internalized rules, norms, morality)

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super-ego

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balancing mechanism (looks for socially acceptable means to satisfy both id and superego)

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ego

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the process by which children master the basic info and skills required of member of society and develop initial concepts of self

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primary socialization

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the process of learning new knowledge and skills required for the performance and specific roles

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secondary socialization

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the process in which a new set of values, beliefs, self-concept, etc replaces a previous one

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re-socialization

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an environment which individuals are physically and socially isolated from society to receive intensive re-socialization process

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total institution

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context of primary socialization, first social interaction, learning culture and developing self, foundation of later socialization

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Family

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context of secondary socialization, focused on the development of cognitive skills, formal authority figure, experience of social diversity, evaluated activities-> self concept

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School

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prominent adolescent socialization, voluntary association, status equality, gender socialization by seex segregation, exercise of independence from adddult control, value conflict btw peer group and adddult authority, primary social reference of youths

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Peer groups

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incompatibility between different roles associated with a single status (within a status)

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role strain

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incompatibility among different roles associated with different statuses (between statuses)

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role conflict

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jobs with self-directiveness and cognitive complexity

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middle class occupations

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jobs routinized and supervised

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working class occupations

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emphasize the development of creativity and independence, discipline by reasoning

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middle class parents

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emphasize the development of mechanical skills and conformity, use of physical punishment

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working class parents

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based on statuses that children are expected to hold in adddulthood (reproduction of social class)

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anticipatory socialization

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emphasizing masculine characteristics for boys and feminine characteristics for girrls

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gender socialization

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gender socialization- biological

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seex

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gender socialization- psychological, social, cultural

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gender

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stereotypes on parental behavior- shows children language, emotions, communication

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dolls

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stereotypes on parental behavior- shows children skills and mechanisms

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cars

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two or more people acting and reacting toward each other by taking others' actions into account

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Social Interaction

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actions based on your interpretation of the situation

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Symbolic interaction

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"If situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences."

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Thomas' theorem

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attempting to present yourself to others in a particular way

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Self Presentation

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where one carries out perfromances

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front stage

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where one practices, prepares, and relaxes

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back stage

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the image that you seek to establish in the eyes of others

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face

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verbal/nonverbal coping actions meant to overcome the feeling of embarrassment

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facework (like farting in an elevator)

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doing things for each other with the express purpose of receiving a reward in return

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social exchange

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two rules of social exchange:
doing things in return

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norm of reciprocity

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two rules of social exchange:
balancing investment and profit

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principle of equity

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a set of people who interact with one another: 1) on a regular basis; 2) based on shared properties (norms, values, goals) and 3) are conscious of themselves as a unit

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group

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people who happen to be in physical proximity to one another just for a given moment but share little else

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aggregate

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a small group who interact in direct, personal and intimate ways for a prolonged time

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primary group (family)

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relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task (goal oriented)

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secondary group (school)

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ones who actively propose tasks and plan to achieve group goals (authoritarian, relied on but not liked, effective in emergency)

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task-oriented

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works to keep the relationship among members harmonious (democratic, liked, individual concerns or interests)

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socio-emotional

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high concern-> what kind of leadership shows?

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dual leadership (both task-oriented and socio-emotional)

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low concern-> what kind of leadership shows?

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dictatorship (one person takes care of everything)

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people are willing to give wrong answers because they dont want to be "odd"

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conformity (Asch's experiment)

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our reluctance to get involved in an apparant emergency of a stranger in public

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bystander apathy

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a group that serves your "standards" (from which you derive your values/norms)

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reference group

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whom you view as "we"

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ingroup

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whom you view as "they"

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outgroup

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competitive activities-> generates what?

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hostility (Sherif's study about boys and their lodges)

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common goals-> generates what?

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cooperation (Sherif's study)

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emergency-> generates what?

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uniting as a team (Sherif's study)

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webs of relationships (source of help and favor, disadvantage to minority) unequal access to social resources

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Social Networks

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a large secondary group that is deliberately and rationally designed to achieve specific objectives (network of positions, rights and responsibilities attached to a position, not to a person)

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Organization

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formal, rationally organized social structure in which patterns of activity are clearly defined as to serve the purpose of the organization (ideal type- Weber)

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bureaucracy

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(dealing with bureaucracy) a simplified of reality

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ideal type (Weber)

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five characteristics of bureaucracy: division of ___ for _____; _____ of authority; written _____ and _____ to ensure _____ performance; _____- to promote equal treatment; _____- evaluation based on objective criteria

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labor for specialization, hierarchy, rules and regulations, uniform, impersonality, impartiality

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(dysfunctions of bureaucracy) minimum _____ communication

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upward

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(dysfunctions of B) inability/inefficiency in dealing with unusual cases or problems

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trained incapacity

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(dysfunctions of B) overzealous conformity to official rules without any concern for the goals that they were designed to serve

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goal displacement

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(dysfunctions of B) low-level tasks further divided into small, highly specific tasks

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de-skilling

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dysfunctions of B) losing control over what we create by ourselves

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alienation

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anything we are conscious of doing because of other people

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social action (Weber)

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organizations that were originally idealistic and democratic eventually come to be ted by a small self-serving group of power elite (organization increases in size->problems of administration->need for bureau->a few on the top->use of resource by self-interest->rule by a few people

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Iron Law of Oligarchy (Michels)

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organized patterns of values, norms, statuses, roles, groups, and organizations that provide the foundation for addressing fundamental societal needs

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social institution

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five major social institutions?

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family, education, economy, politics, religion