Sociology

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Habitus

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The course of growing and socializing with others that become so routine we dont even realize we are following them.

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Values

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Judgements about what is instrinsically important or meaningful suchas patriotism, competitiveness, and consumerism.

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Tool-kit

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A set of ideas and skills that we learn through the cultural enviornment we live in and apply to practical situations in our own lives (swidler).

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Language

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Refers to any comprehensive system of words or symbols resprenting concepts.

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Mass communication

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Television, radio news papers.

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Digital divide

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Technology has created two tyoes if division of haves and have-nots, in the form of the social , economic, and cultural gap between those without such access.

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Cultural universal

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Culturam trait common to all humans: as far as we know, all human societies throughout history have used language to communicate with each other.

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Mainstream

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The most widely shared systems of meaning and cultural tool kits in a society is expressed in the activities and norms of many groups.

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Group style

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The set of norms and practices that distinguishes one group from another.

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Subcultures

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Relatively small groups of people whose affiliation is based on shared beliefs, preferences, and practices that exist under the mainstream and distinguish them from the main stream.

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Counterculture

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A group whose ideas, attitudes, and behaviors are you in direct conflict with mainstream culture and who actively contest the dominant cultural practices in the societies of which they arr a part.

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Hegemony

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The proccess by which powerful groups gain legitamacy and hold power based establishing or reinforcing widely shared beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper valuables or not.

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Cultural wars

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Conflicts over family and religious values.

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Multiculturalism

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Beliefs or policies promoting the equal accommodation of different ethinic or cultural groups within a society.

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Ethnocentrism

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An inability to understand or accept cultural pratices different from ones own.

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Cultural relativism

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Evaluating cultural meanings and practices in their own social contexts is central to the socialogical imagination.

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National

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The set of shared cultural practices and beliefs within a given nation-state, is an important principle for sociology.

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Nationalism

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The fact that people think of themselves as inherently memebers of a nation and often take pride in that identity is a relatively recent phenomena in world history.

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Cultural capital

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This is your education, tastes, and cultural knowledge and your ability to display sophistication in your speech, manners , and other everyday acts.

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Culture omnivores

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Who demonstrate their high status through a broad range of cultural consumption, including low-status culture.

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Net working public

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Online public sphere.

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Culture industry

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Popular music, movies, and other types of mass culture.

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Power

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The most general sense simply means the capacity to bring about some outcome.

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Agenda setting

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The act of consciously or unconsciously averting the challenge if potential issues the more powerful actor would rather avoid.

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Democracy

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A political system in which all citizens have equal rights to participate in political life.

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Progressive income tax system

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In which the upper class is expected to pay a greater share of income than the middle class.

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Social problems

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A term used to descrive a wide range of issues that are thought to have harmful consequences.

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Public policy

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Policies adopted for implimented by the government.

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Political actiin committies

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Organized by a wide range of indivudual businesses and business association, unions and ideological group such as the national rifle association or emily list.

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Public opinion

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A term used to characterized the results of opinion surveys on social and political issues.

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Central planning

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The government decided what kinds of goods and services would be produced and how much they would cost.

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Capitalism

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An economic system based on private property and market exchange.

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Socialism

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An economic systems where the government owns property and controls production.

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Entrepreneurs

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People who start or invest in buisness are constantly investing new products and ways to sell goods and services to potential buyers.

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Rational choice perspective

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Both buyers and sellers assume they have knoweledg about the goodor sevice being traded.

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Social networks

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Facebook twitter and a myriad of social media sights.

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Organization

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A group engaged in acspecific activity that has an identifiable purpose or goal and that hasvan enduring form of association that is independent of the people involved in it at any one point.

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Bureaucaries

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Were rules are written down and defined roles of members of the organizations are made clear.

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Loose coupling

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One way many managers within bureaucratic organization try to disentangle themselves and their unit from irritation rules and regulations or to implement those rules and regulations or to implement those rules in creative ways that make sense.

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Structural inertia

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Strong resistance to change.

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Niche

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A distinct segnent if a of a marketbor social process.

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Organizational isomorophism

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The process wherby organizations might comply with the demands of increasing acc

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Organizational isomorphism

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The proccess whereby organization in the same field tend to become increasingly similar to each other over time.

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Normative isomorphism

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Tge organization is responding to pressures that are exerted on its legitanacy.

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Coercive Isomorphism

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Organizations are compelled tobtake the same actions to avoid facing consequences that might include being sued by a customer or being fined by a government agency.

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Division of labor

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The overall distribution of jobs across an entire society defines the economic system and type of society it is.

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Industrial revolution

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The rise of large-scale production of goods and products for mass mlarkets revolutionized because it let to the appearance of the factory as an increasingly center place where economic activity occured.

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Ocupation

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Jobs that require special training and that individuals may perform over an entire career.

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Labor process

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The term that sociologist have developed to describe how jobs are organized and controlled by managers from above.

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Hawthrone studies

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Early research into the labor attempted to understand some workplaces were more productive than others.

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Scientific mangement

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A late niniteenth-century and early twentieth-century movement sparked by the writing of fredrick w. Taylor,an early industrial engineer a cebyralvto modern management strategies.

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Deskilling

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In which jobs are made ever more interchangeable.

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Autonomy

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How much does this job allow me to control my activities vs being constantly told what to do.

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Lean production

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American girls have been free to develope a strategy of trying to compete in a competitive global marketplace through the development of company policies.

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Prerecriate

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A termn that conbines precariousness and proletariat ( marx term for the social class).

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Inequality

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The unequal distributions of valued goods and opportunities is a feature of virtually all know human societies.

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Wealth

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Which refers to the net value of the assets owned by individuals or family, is an alternative measure of household reasources.

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Income

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The receipt of money or goods over a particular accounting period suvh as hourly weekly monthly or yearly.

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Net financial assets

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The total value of savings, investments, retirement accounIts, and other convertable assets (less outstanding debts).

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Slavery

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An important landmark. Which was individuals who were compelled to work for others.

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Feudalism

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Social order based on agriculture in which those who own land are entittled to receive the products if the laborers, ir serfs who are legally obligated to work for the landlord.

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Serfs

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Legally operated ti work for the landlord.

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Median

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The midpoint of all families, where half of all such families are above and half are below.

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Consumptions

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How much an individual or family actually consumes in a month or a year, which may not directly correspond to their Income if they are able to borrow money).

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Middle class

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People working for a wide range of buisnesses in mostly processional technical, or managerinal jobs , or small owners running. Modestly successful businesses

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Class analysis

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How, When and where classes exist aling these four dimensions.

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Socioeconomic status

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The basic premise of the ses approach is that by combing a number of different attributes of any individual, we can properly place him or her in relation to others and assign him or her to a class.a

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Egalitarian

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The income share of the wealthiest one-tenth of families, for example, will be exactly 10 percent of the national income.