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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sociological Perspective
Seeing the General in the Particular. Seeing the Strange in the Familiar.

Helps us assess the truth of common sense
Helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives
Empowers us to be active participants in our society
Helps us live in a diverse world
Durkheim’s Study
found out that:

1) More likely to commit: male Protestants who were wealthy and unmarried

Less likely to commit: male Jews and Catholics who were poor and married

2) Those with strong social ties had less of a chance of COMMITING suicide
C. Wright Mills - Sociological imagination
The sociological imagination transforms personal problems into public issues
Inductive and Deductive reasoning
abstract to concrete(de) and (in) concrete to abstract
Scientific Sociology
Bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Based on empirical evidence.

Uses checks and balances.

Implies rationality and observation.

Relatively free of personal bias
3 stages of Science
Theological(god above all) Metaphysical(nature and survival) & Scientific(logic and reasoning)
Critical Sociology
study of society that focuses on the need for social change
Macro
concerned with broad patterns that shape society
Structural
Too broad, ignores inequalities of social class, race & gender, focuses on stability at the expense of conflict
Micro
close-up focus on social interactions in specific situations
Conflict
Too broad, ignores how shared values and mutual interdependence unify society, pursues political goals
Reliability
Accuracy / Consistency in measurement
Symbolic
Ignores larger social structures, effects of culture, factors such as class, gender & race
Validity
Precision
Symbols
anything which carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
Values
Culturally defined standards of desirability. What ought to be.
Sapir - Whorf thesis
people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
Real Culture
THE WAY THINGS ACTUALLY OCCUR IN EVERYDAY LIFE

SOCIAL PATTERNS THAT ONLY APPROXIMATE CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS
IDEAL CULTURE
THE WAY THINGS SHOULD BE

SOCIAL PATTERNS MANDATED BY VALUES AND NORMS
High culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
cultural integration
Close relationship among various elements of a cultural system

change in one culture complex results in the change of another.
what event sparks the development of sociology
social change

MAYBE
jean Piaget
Sensorimotor stage. Birth - 2 years of age

Preoperational stage. 2-7 years of age

Concrete operational stage. 7-11 years of age.

Formal operational stage. 11 years and older.
Origin of sociology
Social change

Science

Gender and Race
Sociological Imagination
not the changing the individual but transforming society.

Transform Personal problems into public issues.
Sociological theory
explain social behavior to the real world
scientific sociology
logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation

based on empirical evidence

implies rationality and observation
culture
beliefs values and behavior and material objects that constitutes a peoples way of life
components of culture
symbols - hand gestures

language - system of symbols that allow communication
beliefs
specific statements that people hold to be true

more specific then values
norms
rules
mores
norms that are widely observed and have moral significant
folkways
informal norms
laws
standardized norms
types of culture
high culture (elite)

popular culture (people with ipods)

sub culture - larger cultures,
accepts norm, (amish people)

Counter cultures - goes against dominant norms
cultural lag
difference between cultural change and the associated values / norms. (Medical procedures and ethics)
cultural change
invention - new cultural elements (technology)

Discovery - recognizing something already in existence

Diffusion - spread of objects or ideas from one society to another.
ethnocentrism
evaluating another culture by the standards of one's own culture
cultural relativism
evaluating any culture by its own standards.
karl Marx - social conflict
struggle between segments of society over valued resources
Karl Marx - Superstructure
Other social institutions (family, religion, political)
Max webber - Rationalization of society
historical change from traditional sentiments & beliefs passed from one generation to another
Karl Marx - Capitalist
people who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
Karl Marx - proletariat
people who sell their productive labor for wages.
Karl Marx - Social institution
All major spheres of social life or societal sub systems organized to meet human needs
Karl Marx - Infrastructure
societies economic system
Karl Marx - Superstructure
Other social institutions (family, religion, political)
Dhurkheim - Social facts
any patterns rooted in society rather than the experience of individuals
Dhurkheim - anomie
a condition in which society provides little moral guidence to individuals
Dhurkheim - mechanical solidarity
social bonds based on common sentiment and shared moral value that are common among members of pre industrial societies
Dhurkheim - organic solidarity
social bonds based on specialization and interdependent that are strong among members of industrial societies
Dhurkheim - division of labor
specialization of economic activity
frued - ID
(devil) Human beings basic drives
frued - super ego
(angel) operation of culture within the individual
frued - ego
(mind) persons conscience efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
Koldberg - pre conventional level
what is right is what feels good
Koldberg - conventional level
look at right and wrong in terms of others
Koldberg - post conventional level
move out of society and begin to question the issues
George Herbert -
theory of social behaviorism
self
the part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness
Development of self
Social experience

exchange of symbols

understand the intention from others point of view
Looking glass self
charles horton cooley
agents of socialization
family

school

peer group

mass media
socialization and the life course
human experience organized according to age in U.S. society

childhood

adoloscence

old age
Types of socialization
anticipatory socialization

resocialization (iraq >> coming back to U.S.)

total institution (rehab, prison,)
status
recognized social postions
master status
positions that carries exceptional importance
ascribed status
recieved at birth
achieved status
assumes voluntarily
status set
all of the statuses a person holds at a particular time
status inconsistency
professor = high prestigeious job but less salary
role
behavior expected from someone who holds a particular status
role set
number of roles attached to a single status
role conflict
incompatibility among roles between two or more statuses
role strain
incompatibility among roles within one single status
thomas theorm
situations defined as real become real in their consequences
(math is hard because you ahve already defined it as being hard and therefore it WILL be hard)
ethnomethodology (garfinkle)
the study of the way people make sense out of their surrounding
dramaturgical analysis (goffman)
individuals construct reality much like actors on the stage
Social group
two or more people with common interest
aggragate
people who are just there that dont communicate (classroom)
primary group
small group in which relationships are personal and enduring. (family and friends)
Secondary group
a large and impersonal social group based on a specific interest (distance)
group confirmatory
asch's research
milgrams research (shock generator)
janis (group think)
Instrumental Leaders
emphasize the completion of tasks. achieving goals.
Expressive leaders
emphasize collective well being and provides emotional support
charismatic leader
based on personal characteristics
authoritarian leader
demanding, u must obey
democratic leader
expressive
laissaz faire
least effective
formal organization
large secondary group organized to acheive goals effiecntly
utilitarian
job/organization to earn money

army
normative
pursue goals that members think are worth while (food bank, religious organization, community groups, politicals groups)

army
coercive
forces members to join (gangs, prison, military when theres a draft)

army
bureaucracy
a formal organization established to acheive its goals effiecently. it rationalizes power
problems on bureaycracy-alienation
the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
mcdonaldization of society
efficiency
uniformity
control
rational behavior can produce irrrational results