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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociological Perspective
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Seeing the General in the Particular. Seeing the Strange in the Familiar.
Helps us assess the truth of common sense Helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives Empowers us to be active participants in our society Helps us live in a diverse world |
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Durkheim’s Study
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found out that:
1) More likely to commit: male Protestants who were wealthy and unmarried Less likely to commit: male Jews and Catholics who were poor and married 2) Those with strong social ties had less of a chance of COMMITING suicide |
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C. Wright Mills - Sociological imagination
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The sociological imagination transforms personal problems into public issues
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Inductive and Deductive reasoning
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abstract to concrete(de) and (in) concrete to abstract
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Scientific Sociology
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Bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
Based on empirical evidence. Uses checks and balances. Implies rationality and observation. Relatively free of personal bias |
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3 stages of Science
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Theological(god above all) Metaphysical(nature and survival) & Scientific(logic and reasoning)
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Critical Sociology
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study of society that focuses on the need for social change
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Macro
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concerned with broad patterns that shape society
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Structural
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Too broad, ignores inequalities of social class, race & gender, focuses on stability at the expense of conflict
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Micro
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close-up focus on social interactions in specific situations
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Conflict
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Too broad, ignores how shared values and mutual interdependence unify society, pursues political goals
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Reliability
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Accuracy / Consistency in measurement
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Symbolic
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Ignores larger social structures, effects of culture, factors such as class, gender & race
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Validity
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Precision
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Symbols
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anything which carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
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Values
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Culturally defined standards of desirability. What ought to be.
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Sapir - Whorf thesis
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people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
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Real Culture
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THE WAY THINGS ACTUALLY OCCUR IN EVERYDAY LIFE
SOCIAL PATTERNS THAT ONLY APPROXIMATE CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS |
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IDEAL CULTURE
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THE WAY THINGS SHOULD BE
SOCIAL PATTERNS MANDATED BY VALUES AND NORMS |
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High culture
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Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
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cultural integration
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Close relationship among various elements of a cultural system
change in one culture complex results in the change of another. |
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what event sparks the development of sociology
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social change
MAYBE |
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jean Piaget
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Sensorimotor stage. Birth - 2 years of age
Preoperational stage. 2-7 years of age Concrete operational stage. 7-11 years of age. Formal operational stage. 11 years and older. |
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Origin of sociology
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Social change
Science Gender and Race |
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Sociological Imagination
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not the changing the individual but transforming society.
Transform Personal problems into public issues. |
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Sociological theory
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explain social behavior to the real world
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scientific sociology
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logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation
based on empirical evidence implies rationality and observation |
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culture
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beliefs values and behavior and material objects that constitutes a peoples way of life
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components of culture
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symbols - hand gestures
language - system of symbols that allow communication |
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beliefs
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specific statements that people hold to be true
more specific then values |
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norms
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rules
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mores
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norms that are widely observed and have moral significant
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folkways
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informal norms
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laws
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standardized norms
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types of culture
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high culture (elite)
popular culture (people with ipods) sub culture - larger cultures, accepts norm, (amish people) Counter cultures - goes against dominant norms |
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cultural lag
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difference between cultural change and the associated values / norms. (Medical procedures and ethics)
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cultural change
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invention - new cultural elements (technology)
Discovery - recognizing something already in existence Diffusion - spread of objects or ideas from one society to another. |
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ethnocentrism
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evaluating another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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cultural relativism
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evaluating any culture by its own standards.
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karl Marx - social conflict
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struggle between segments of society over valued resources
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Karl Marx - Superstructure
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Other social institutions (family, religion, political)
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Max webber - Rationalization of society
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historical change from traditional sentiments & beliefs passed from one generation to another
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Karl Marx - Capitalist
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people who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
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Karl Marx - proletariat
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people who sell their productive labor for wages.
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Karl Marx - Social institution
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All major spheres of social life or societal sub systems organized to meet human needs
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Karl Marx - Infrastructure
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societies economic system
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Karl Marx - Superstructure
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Other social institutions (family, religion, political)
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Dhurkheim - Social facts
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any patterns rooted in society rather than the experience of individuals
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Dhurkheim - anomie
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a condition in which society provides little moral guidence to individuals
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Dhurkheim - mechanical solidarity
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social bonds based on common sentiment and shared moral value that are common among members of pre industrial societies
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Dhurkheim - organic solidarity
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social bonds based on specialization and interdependent that are strong among members of industrial societies
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Dhurkheim - division of labor
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specialization of economic activity
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frued - ID
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(devil) Human beings basic drives
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frued - super ego
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(angel) operation of culture within the individual
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frued - ego
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(mind) persons conscience efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
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Koldberg - pre conventional level
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what is right is what feels good
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Koldberg - conventional level
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look at right and wrong in terms of others
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Koldberg - post conventional level
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move out of society and begin to question the issues
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George Herbert -
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theory of social behaviorism
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self
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the part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness
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Development of self
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Social experience
exchange of symbols understand the intention from others point of view |
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Looking glass self
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charles horton cooley
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agents of socialization
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family
school peer group mass media |
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socialization and the life course
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human experience organized according to age in U.S. society
childhood adoloscence old age |
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Types of socialization
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anticipatory socialization
resocialization (iraq >> coming back to U.S.) total institution (rehab, prison,) |
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status
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recognized social postions
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master status
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positions that carries exceptional importance
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ascribed status
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recieved at birth
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achieved status
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assumes voluntarily
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status set
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all of the statuses a person holds at a particular time
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status inconsistency
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professor = high prestigeious job but less salary
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role
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behavior expected from someone who holds a particular status
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role set
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number of roles attached to a single status
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role conflict
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incompatibility among roles between two or more statuses
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role strain
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incompatibility among roles within one single status
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thomas theorm
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situations defined as real become real in their consequences
(math is hard because you ahve already defined it as being hard and therefore it WILL be hard) |
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ethnomethodology (garfinkle)
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the study of the way people make sense out of their surrounding
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dramaturgical analysis (goffman)
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individuals construct reality much like actors on the stage
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Social group
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two or more people with common interest
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aggragate
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people who are just there that dont communicate (classroom)
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primary group
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small group in which relationships are personal and enduring. (family and friends)
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Secondary group
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a large and impersonal social group based on a specific interest (distance)
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group confirmatory
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asch's research
milgrams research (shock generator) janis (group think) |
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Instrumental Leaders
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emphasize the completion of tasks. achieving goals.
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Expressive leaders
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emphasize collective well being and provides emotional support
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charismatic leader
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based on personal characteristics
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authoritarian leader
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demanding, u must obey
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democratic leader
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expressive
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laissaz faire
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least effective
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formal organization
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large secondary group organized to acheive goals effiecntly
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utilitarian
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job/organization to earn money
army |
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normative
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pursue goals that members think are worth while (food bank, religious organization, community groups, politicals groups)
army |
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coercive
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forces members to join (gangs, prison, military when theres a draft)
army |
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bureaucracy
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a formal organization established to acheive its goals effiecently. it rationalizes power
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problems on bureaycracy-alienation
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the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
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mcdonaldization of society
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efficiency
uniformity control rational behavior can produce irrrational results |