Sociology

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Sociological Perspective

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Seeing the general in the particular

looking for general patterns in particular people

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Global Perspective

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The study of the larger world and our society's place within it

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Sociology: The Beginning

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Driving forces led to it's development:

industrialization

urbanization

immigration

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Structural Functional Theory

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view society as a system of interdependent and interrelated parts (body)

works together to promote solidarity and stability

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Social Conflict Theory:

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Conflict arises out of inequality between the owners and the workers (the haves and have nots) present day looking at advantaged over disadvantaged. Out of conflict comes change.

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Symbolic Interactionist Theory

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view meaning as arising though the process of social interaction; as towards things based on meaning you have for it. Micro-level emphasis.

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Culture

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the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life

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the elements of culture

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symbols, languages, values, beliefs

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symbols

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anything to which members of a culture assign meaning

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languages

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a complex system of symbols with meanings that people use to communicate and transmit culture

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values

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shared ideas about what is socially desirable or culturally defined standards

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beliefs

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specific ideas that people hold to be true

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norms

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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subculture

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

(teens, cliques..etc)

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High culture vs Popular culture

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-cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

vs

-cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

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multiculturalism

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a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and therefore promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

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Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism:

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-the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

vs

-the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

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counterculture:

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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

(ex Amish, hippies)

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socialization:

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the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

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Freud's Elements of Personality

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3 parts:

-id: pleasure seaking

-superego: the demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms

-ego: our efforts to balance innate, pleasure seeking drives and the demands of society.

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:

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believed that human development involves both biological maturation and gaining social experience. He identified 4 stages:

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

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Kohlberg's Theory Moral Development

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applied Piaget's approach to stages of moral development

-preconventional

-conventional

-postconventional

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Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development

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Found that gender plays and important part in moral development, with males relying more in abstract standards of rightness and females relying more on the effects of actions on relationships

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Mead's Theory of the social self

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the self is part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-image. It develops as a result of social experience.

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Agents of Socialization

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the family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media

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Comte

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positivism

scientific method applied to life

"founder of sociology"

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Durkheim

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theorized that the rapidly chagning conditions of modern life let to anomie. Anomie is formlessness, or a loss of social connections

suicide study

social integration

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Marx

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communist

thought that conflict between social groups caused social change (conflict theory)

proletariat, bourgeoisie

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Weber

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believed that as industrial revolution progressed, society became more rationalized

believed religion to be the central force for social change

"Protestant ethic"

"Spirit of capitalism"

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Spencer

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Coined the term "survival of the fittest"

functionalist perspective

"second founder of sociology"

social darwinism

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C. Wright Mills

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argued that the one quality of mind that all great sociologists posses is: Social imagination

Social structural issues

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Merton

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coined Manifest functions and Latent Functions

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microlevel:

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different ways that individuals and small groups interact face-to-face.

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Macrolevel:

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how parts of society occastionally dysfunction, negatively affecting other parts of society, and consequently, contributing to a more unstable society.

Conflict theory

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debunking:

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looking beneath and beyond the surface of social structures, which are seen as facades that conceal what is truly important

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Protestant ethic:

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a belief in hard work, frugality, and good work as means to achieve both economic success and heavenly salvation.

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looking-glass self

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Cooley created this term for people seeing themselves as they believe others see them

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resocialization

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is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and abandoning old ones.

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Mead

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Imitation Stage, Play stage, Game stage,

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Cooley

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looking glass self

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Erikson

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stages of psychosocial development

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Goffman

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dramaturgy

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