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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Beliefs |
an acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof. |
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Conformity |
To accept what you are told and so behave and think in the way that is expected of you. |
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Canalisation
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Parents give gender specific roles goods that are considered the norm for their gender. E.g. dolls for girls not boys. |
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Culture |
The way of life of a group of people; it's learned & shared |
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Cohabitation |
Living together as partners without being married |
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Compliance |
To do what is wanted and expected of you, to follow orders and rules |
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Conform |
To accept what you are told and so behave and think in the way that is expected of you |
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Conjugal rules |
The roles of husbands and wives or a couple who are living together as partners. |
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Discrimination |
Treating people unfairly |
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Identity |
How we see ourselves and how others see us |
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Crime |
An action which is against the law |
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Norms |
The unwritten rules of society that determine the acceptable behaviour |
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Values |
General ideas about what is right and wrong, the correct ways of behaving and what is considered important and worthwhile |
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Deviance |
Actions that go against the norms and values of a society or group. |
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Cross cultural deviance |
Something that is deviant in some cultures but not others. |
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Situational deviance |
Something that's only deviant in some situations. |
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Historical deviance |
Something that is only deviant at a certain time. |
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Agents of social control |
The various groups, both formal and informal, that control our behaviour. |
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Formal social control |
Written rules and laws enforced by powerful agents such as police and courts. |
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Informal social control |
Controlling people's behaviour using informal methods in everyday situations. |
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Official statistics |
Numbers and percentages to show what crimes are being committed and who is committing them, taken from government sources. |
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Reliability |
Means that finding can be checked by another researcher.
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Validity |
The truthfulness and accuracy of data; the more accurate something is, the more valid it is. |
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Streaming
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Students are taught with the same class for all their subjects based on their general ability. |
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SAT's |
Standard Assessment tests |
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GCSE |
The General Certification of Secondary Education |
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Ofsted |
Children's services and skills inspects and reports on educational institutions to monitor performances, care and standards. |
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Meritotocracy |
A society where a person's ability determines how well they do in life in terms of their social status and wealth. |
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Inequality |
Not everybody in society has the same chances of success. |
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Material deprivation |
Not having the money needed to buy items that can help children succeed in education. |
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Cultural deprivation |
Lack of interaction with none ethnic situations. |
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Labelling |
Thinking of a person or group of people in a particular way which then determines how you behave towards them. |
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Self fulfilling prophercy |
Often a reaction to being labelled, where a person acts in a way that other people expect them to act. |
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Anti-school-subculture |
A small group of pupils who do not value education and behave and think in a way that is completely opposite to that of the school. |
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Sex discrimination |
When people are treated differently because of their sex. |
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Sub-culture |
A group of people within a larger culture who have their own distinctive set of values. |
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Peer pressure |
Pressure applied to a person by a group if the same age to try and get them to fit in with their group. |
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Formal curriculum |
Subjects that are studies and examined in schools. E.g. Sociology, media, geography |
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Hidden curriculum |
What schools teach students through day to day school life. E.g. put things back where they should be. |
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Informal education learning |
Non-directed learning that occurs outside the classroom and does not have a curriculum to follow. |
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Segregation |
Separating males and females so it gives them different experiences. |
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Private schools |
Any school that charges a fee for pupils to attend. |
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Public school |
Higher statues private schools with very high fees. The very wealthy are educated in these schools. |
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National curriculum |
Subjects and tests that the government had decided must be done in all state schools. |
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Selection |
Choosing students to attend a school because of their ability. |
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Mixed ability |
Students of various ability are taught together in the same class. |
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Setting |
Students are put into different classes in different subjects depending on their ability. |
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Victim survey |
People are asked what crimes have been committed against them. |
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Self-report study |
A questionnaire that asks people what crimes they have committed. |
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Delinquency |
The undesirable, antisocial behaviour of young people. |
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Peer group pressure |
Pressure applied to a person by a group if the same age to try and get them to fit in with the group's norms and values. |
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Gender socialisation |
Teaching males and females the expected patterns of behaviour for their gender in society. |
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Police targeting |
Where the police focus on a particular group of people in society, believing them to be more likely to be involved in criminal behaviour that other groups. |
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Racism |
Discriminating against or expressing negative views or stereotypes about an ethnic group or race. |
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Alienation |
A situation where the worker gains no satisfaction of heir job. |
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Representative |
When the data can be said to accurately represent the research population, for example gender, age. |
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Stratified sample |
The research population is divided up into relevant groups, such as by gender and age. |
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Systematic sample |
Selecting every nth name from the sampling frame, therefore not random at all. |
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Snowball sample |
A non random sample where a researcher makes contact with one relevant respondent and then asks them to put them into contact with further respondents. |
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Triangulation |
Using more that one research method or researcher in order to complete the investigation. |
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Pilot study |
A small scale study completed before a piece of research to identify any possible problems. |
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Case study |
A detailed and in depth study of one particular group or situation. |
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Longitudinal study |
A study completed over a long period of time. |
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Primary data |
Information that researchers have gathered themselves. |
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Secondary data |
Information that has been collected by somebody else and then used by the researcher. |
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Observer effect |
When the presence of an observer affects the action of the group under study, preventing the observer from seeing natural behaviour. |
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Ethics |
Ideas about what is morally right or wrong. |
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Operationalise |
To define exactly what is meant by any term used for categorisation. |
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Bias |
The subject is presented in a one-sided way which favours one point of view more than others. |
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Research device |
The research method that you will use for your investigation, for example questionnaire or interview questions. |
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Cross sectional |
If a sample is a cross-sectional then it will be made up of a range of iffrent people to best represent the research population. |
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Generalisation |
Results from a study that can be applied o the whole of the research population. |
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Sample |
A small group of people, usually cross-sectional, on whom research will be carried out. |
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Sampling frame |
The sorce from which the sample is drawn. |
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Feminist |
Someone who thinks that women are disadvantaged in society and wants to make them equal to men. |
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Random sample |
The sample of group is chosen completely at random. |
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Unstructured interview |
A very flexible interview, more like a conversation. Instead of a list of questions to answer, the researcher is more likely just to have general topics or ideas to discuss. |
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Semi-structured interview |
The researcher can have pre-set questions but also has the flexibility to follow up on interesting answers given by the respondent. |
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Focus group |
Several respondents are interviewed at once and are allowed to discuss the questions being asked. |
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Research population |
The group(s) of people relevant o the study being completed. |
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Interview bias |
Where the interviewer influences the answers that the respondent gives. |
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Social desirability |
Where a researcher watches a group without getting involved in what they're doing. |
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Non-participant obsevation |
Where a researcher joins the group being studied and acts as they do whilst completing the observation. |
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Participant observation |
Where a researcher joins the group being studied and acts as they do whilst completing the observation. |
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Covert observation |
Where the researcher tells the group under study that they are bring studied and does not attempt to hide their presence from them. |
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Overt observation
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Where the researcher does not let the group being studied know that they are being observed. |
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Objectivity |
Studying topics and people with an open mind and not allowing your own views and opinion to influences the findings. |
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Self completion questions |
Respondents complete the questionnaires themselves and then return it to the researcher. |
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Interview questions |
Questions are read out to the respondent by the researcher, who records the respondent's answers. |
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Closed questions |
Respondents are presented with either a list of options or a two way choice. |
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Open questions |
Respondents are free to answer the question in a way they like. |
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Trends |
Patterns of behaviour or attitudes. |
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Standardised questions |
All respondents are asked the same question in the same order, allowing comparisons to be made. |
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Statistics |
Data presented in a numerical form as a percentage. |
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Quantitative data |
Numerical data, often presented as statistics. |
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Qualitative data |
In-depth data, usually presented in a written form. |
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Structured interview |
A set of standardised pre-set questions is asked. |
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Conformity |
Following the rules |
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Informal social control |
Controlling people's behaviour using informal methods. |
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Patriarchy |
A society dominated than males. |
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Stereotype |
A generalised and simplistic view of a group of people which ignores individual differences. |
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Femininity |
The quality of acting in a way that a society deems is typically female behaviour. |
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Masculinity |
The quality of acting in a way that a society deems is male behaviour. |
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Gender |
The culturally created differences between men and women which are learnt through socialisation. |
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Sex |
The biological differences between men and women. |
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Ethnicity |
The shared culture of a social group which gives its members a common identity. |
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Race |
Humans classified into different groups according to physical characteristics, like skin colour. |
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Class |
A broad group of people who share a similar economic situation. |
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Peers |
Others of the same age. |
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Cultural diversity |
Differences between cultures. |
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Sub-culture |
A smaller culture within a culture with its own set of norms and values. |
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Socialisation |
The process of learning that correct behaviour, norms and values in a society. |
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Manipulation |
Parents encourage children to behave appropriate for their gender. |
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Verbal appellation |
Using words to influence a child's gender choices e.g. Big boys don't cry. |
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Hidden curriculum |
What schools teach children through day to day school life. Not part of the formal time table. |
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Social control |
Methods used to make sure individuals conform to the expected and acceptable norms and values of society. |
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Formal social control |
Written rules and laws enforced by powerful agents, like police and courts. |
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Symmetrical family |
A family in which conjugal roles are similar but not identical. |
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Dark side of the family |
A situation in which family life damages its members. |
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Matrilocal |
Living with or near to the wife's family. |
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Traditional extended family |
A three generation family in which family members have frequent face to face contact. |
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Patrilocal |
Living with or near to the husbands family. |
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Neolocal |
The couple set up their own home. |
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Secular society |
A society that is not ruled by religion. |
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Serial monogamy |
A form of marriage in which a person keeps on marrying and divorcing different people. |
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Reconstituted family |
One of the parents marry again and have had children. |
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Social roles |
Parts we play in society. Each role has its own social norms. |
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Socialisation |
The process of learning the correct behaviour, norms and values in a society. |
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Primary socialisation |
Socialisation during the early stages in life. |
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Secondary socialisation |
Socialisation which takes place beyond the family. Such as the workplace. |
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Norms |
The unwritten rules of society that determine acceptable behaviour. |
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Values |
General ideas of what is wrong and right. |
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Functionalist sociologists |
Sociologists who believe that each part of society has roles to fulfil in order that society can survive as a whole. |
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Marriage |
A legal tie between a husband and wife. |
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Relativity |
Specific to a particular situation, social group or society. |
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Identity |
How we see ourselves and how others see us. |
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Post modernisation |
A sociological theory with changes in society from the past onwards. |
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Status |
The amount of social importance a person has in the eyes of other members of a group or society. |
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Ascribed status |
Status which is given at birth, usually cant be changed. |
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Role |
A part you play that is associated with particular norms and expectations. |
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Achieved status |
Status which is achieved through an individuals behaviour. |
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Labelling |
Thinking of a group of people in a particular way which then determines how you behave towards them. |
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Self fulfilling prophecy |
Often a reaction to being labelled, where a person acts in a way that other people expect them to act. |
