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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nobert Elias
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He talked about civilization and how there are expectations as to how people should behave. There were booklets made Ex: don't blow you nose on the tablecloth
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What are the ways of describing "self"?
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Physical, Social, Reflective, Oceanic
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What is selfways?
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The characteristic cultural ideas and values associated with particular social and cultural groups in the world. These emerge from living one's life in particular sociocultural contexts
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What are agents of socialization
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The influences from the social environment that transform a child from an unaware infant into a competent social person
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Who is the primary provider of self-formation?
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Parents; they influence children's development thru support they offer and control they exert.
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What are some types of parental control?
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Inductive and Coercion
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What is the difference between inductive and coercion?
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Inductive is positive control; discipline connected to love, grows naturally out of pragmatic requirements of the situation
Coercion is power asserted. it appears arbitrary, irrational and unconnected to clear expectations |
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What is the most effective form of socialization?
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Supportive parenting combined with inductive control, this leads to academic achievement
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What is the least effective form of socialization?
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Low emotional support with coercive control
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A term that refers to cultural ideas, norms, and values the construct images and expectations of females and males, particularly in terms of behavior and appearance
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Gender
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How is sex different from gender?
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Sex which is limited to biological distinctions between males and females, gender is socially and culturally constructed and understood (behaviors and appearance not just biology).
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What are some forms of secondary socialization?
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Schools, peer groups, media
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What type of socialization fosters individualization and challenges primary socialization?
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Secondary socialization (schools, peer groups, the media)
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What is "The Life Cycle"?
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There are different definitions of childhood for different historical periods and geographical regions.
In some countries, children have to work, and therefore don’t have a childhood as we know it |
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Name the term that, instead of describing life as a linear biological path from birth to death, refers to the role of historical, social, and cultural contexts in shaping an individual or group’s life trajectory.
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Life course
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What is the term that describes various points of transition and experience throughout life? These involve not only biological stages but social stages as well.
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Life stages
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What did Arlie Hochschild theorize?
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"Feeling rules." cultural scripts that direct how we want to feel and how we want others to interpret our feelings. “Feeling rules” are significant in that they mark how, in the uncertainty of postmodern life, we must work to manage our emotions, as well as to be interpreted and understood by another.
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What are the influences from the social environment that transform a child from an unaware infant into a competent social person. These might include the family, parents, school, or peer groups.
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Agents of Socialization
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As theorized by Arlie Hochschild, cultural scripts that direct how we want to feel, and how we want others to interpret our feelings. These are significant in that they mark how, in the uncertainty of postmodern life, we must work to manage our emotions, as well as to be interpreted and understood by one another.
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Feeling Rules
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Voluntary organizations and associations of children, such as school groups or play groups. These groups are instrumental in early socialization in that they provide an arena in which children not only learn from one another how to interact with others but also engage in cultural exploration—especially in situations where they are exposed to beliefs that compete with those of their families
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Peer Groups
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This often fosters individuation and challenges primary socialization. For example, peer groups, schools, and the media often compete with, rather than complementing, familial values and ways of life learned in early socialization.
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Secondary Socialization
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Our sense of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and society. A social thing; its capacities for speech, decision making, planning, feeling, and desiring develop through social interaction. In sociology, it is often understood as dual, or in tension with social forces. That is to say, the individual has a sense of being an autonomous individual with desires and capacities for action, but this thing is at the same time limited by society’s norms, values, and regulations.
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Self
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As defined by Hazel Rose Markus and her colleagues, the characteristic cultural ideas and values associated with particular social and cultural groups in the world. These emerge from living one’s life in particular sociocultural contexts.
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Selfways
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The process by which individuals are incorporated into society and caused to internalize its codes, narratives, values, and symbols that already exist. Most often, this is a process that begins at birth and takes place first in the family.
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Socialization
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A perspective that assumes that day-to-day phenomena are socially created, regulated, and defined. For example, this type of perspective of sex would assert that while sex is a physical act tied to chemically based feelings, it is also a social relationship that is marked by cultural and material differences (i.e., class, age, race, nationality, and gender). This term contrasts with naturalism, which assumes that day-to-day phenomena are biological and inherent to human beings.
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Constructivism
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The effort to control, transform, and limit sexual desired, actions, and behaviors in the modern public sphere. This is a historical process and, as such, varies according to time, place, and culture.
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Desexualization
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The zone in which sex is pure, transcendent, and valued as an end in itself and whose existence undermines modernity’s efforts to restrict sexuality to the private institution of marriage and challenges the impersonal, ascetic ethic on which modernity is based. This term contrasts with the public sphere, in which sex is highly regulated and often labeled as “profane.”
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Erotic Sphere
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An approach based on the idea that there is an “inner truth” that exists apart from the individual observer or participant
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Essentialism
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Sexuality that is no longer hard-wired, rigid, and morally stigmatized as a result of having become less regulated, minimized, and moralized in the late twentieth century, when the erotic sphere moved into the center stage of public life.
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Free-floating eroticism
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A concept used by Max Weber to describe modernity. Weber argued that as modernity becomes more rational with increasing bureaucracy and emphasis on discipline and control.
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"Iron Cage"
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As defined by Freud, an individual’s inborn sexual desire and energy.
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Libido
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An important concept in Ancient Greece, requiring moderation in the pursuit of pleasure. An ethical life meant fashioning one’s self according to aesthetic ideals of beauty and proportion; moral preoccupations were focused on questions of excess, overindulgence, and passivity. This was important to all forms of physical passion, including wrestling, oratory, and sex.
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Self-cultivation
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Leisure travel for the purpose of sexual activity, ranging from couples on holiday to the hiring of prostitutes. This remains a gendered and racialized activity and can contribute to sex trafficking exploitation.
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Sex Tourism
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A term, coined by Jeffrey Weeks, referring to the efforts of previously marginalized sexual minorities who wish to define themselves by their sexual identities and thereby claim social status and recognition. This grants the individual a number of rights including but not limited to the right to contraceptive technologies, the freedom of sexual choice, and spousal, parental, and grandparental rights regardless of orientation.
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Sexual Citizenship
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The separation of sex from procreation. The pluralizing and normalizing of sexual activity—and especially the increased sexual freedom of women—have been described as this term. But to some observers, particularly feminists, this term was viewed as sexual oppression on the grounds that it contributed to higher rates of sexual violence and did little to reduce or challenge patriarchy and status inequality.
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Sexual Liberation
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The process and time period in which sexuality was pluralized. This separated sexual activity from the purpose of procreation, placed new value on heterosexual pleasure, and gave youth the space for sexual experimentation.
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Sexual Revolution
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An aspect of the sexual revolution whereby single people sought partners in sex rather than marriage—specifically, at a time when publications such as Playboy and Cosmopolitan promoted a new sexual ethic and the postindustrial economy provided men and women with more free time.
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Singles Culture
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The approach to sexual relations that characterized the Victoran era. Victorian society was particularly strict in its construction and regulation of such relations, requiring that all sexual behaviors take place within the confines of marriage. Marriage was meant to control the sex instinct. This regulation, however, was not entirely successful; an extensive sexual underground emerged, red-light districts were located in nearly every major city, and there is little evidence that Victorian campaigns against masturbation and fornication were actually effective.
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Victorian Love
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What did Foucault believe?
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That the specific social implications of sexual pleasure was not clearly defined and could be changed.
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Define Self-Cultivation
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Self-cultivation involved moderation in the pursuit of pleasure and equilibrium in the exercise of authority; An ethical life meant fashioning one’s self according to aesthetic ideals of beauty and proportion; moral preoccupations were focused on questions of excess, overindulgence, and passivity
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How was male homosexuality viewed in Ancient Greek society?
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In Ancient Greek society, men were intellectually and politically dominant; male beauty (face and body) was highly prized in society. Not unusual, then, that well-established males were drawn to adolescent males; the relationships between older, well-established men and younger, adolescent boys were sometimes problematic. What worried Greeks was the asymmetry between the male lovers.
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What defined the counterculture of modernity?
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Modernity condemned non-procreative sexual practices. Although many followed the rigid norms and prohibitions established, a counterculture was formed, which led to underground sexual practices and red light districts, among other things.
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How did urbanization change our culture's view on sex?
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As people spread out to bigger cities, anonymity increases. Urbanization made extramarital sex more acceptable. Non procreative sex is much more widely available (birth control)
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How did the postindustrial economy change our culture's view on sex?
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There has been a movement from production to consumption, there is more energy to spend doing what you want (sex). Also, industry had created advertisements with sexual excitement as the focus.
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What is extended socialization? What does this imply?
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Longer periods of socialization (emerging adulthood) lead to more opportunities for sexual experimentation without responsibilities of child-rearing, maintaining marital fidelity, making a living
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How did feminism have an impact on sexuality in our country?
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Women demanded rights, in and out of the bedroom. Feminism weakened patriarchal control.
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How did globalization and multiculturalism have an impact in sexuality in our country?
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Fading of colonial power and racial prejudices, harder to maintain split between normal/abnormal sexual behaviors, Diverse images of sexuality circulate around globe, and stereotypes become less persuasive
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What is sexual trajectory? Whos idea was this?
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Sexual trajectory was an idea by Sigmund Freud, he said that at birth the infant consists of the id, which is unfocused energy that drives the libido, and the ego and the superego develop alongside it.
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Who coined the term sexual citizenship?
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Jeffrey Weeks
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Who is Alfred Kinsey? What did he imply?
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Alfred Kinsey was a social researcher who studied sexuality in America. He conducted interviews with Americans. The findings were shocking revelations about sexual practices among Americans, with “abnormal,” “immoral,” or “perverse” practices in fact widely practices. The report became a kind of public sexual frenzy, with his books on male and female sexuality flying off the bookshelves.
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What term refers to the efforts of previously marginalized sexual minorities who wish to define themselves by their sexual identities and thereby claim social status and recognition.
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Sexual citizenship
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What are sexual citizenship rights?
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Entitles an individual to access to old and new contraceptive technologies, the freedom of sexual choice, and spousal, parental, and grandparental rights regardless of orientation.
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What were some of the main aspects of the sexual revolution?
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Hugh Hefner and Playboy Helen Gurley Brown and Cosmopolitan, Singles culture, more access to the pill, more homosexual tolerance
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Who was Zygmunt Bauman
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He was a social theorist who thought that there or no clear standards of how, with whom, or when sex is acceptable. There are less rules.
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What is the difference between physical orientation and romantic orientation?
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Physical orientation is physical attraction and romantic orientation is emotional attraction.
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What are some myths about homosexuality?
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That it is a choice
That the gay lifestyle is the same all across the board Stereotypes - not all gay guys wear nicely, not all gay girls play softball NIMBY-ism - "not in my back yard", they exist but not in my life! |
