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109 Cards in this Set
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Children draw on their parents' experiences to learn about their possible future. |
anticipatory socialization |
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Occurs in advance of playing an actual role. We rehearse for the future by learning something about role requirements and visualize ourselves in the role. |
anticipatory socialization |
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Believed social interaction to be a series of human dramas in which people play roles much as actors do, attempting to control the reactions of others by presenting a certain image of one's self. |
erving Goffman |
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Believed the self develops through three stages: the preparatory stage, the play stage and the game stage. |
George Herbert Mead |
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Children pretend to take the roles of specific people. |
play stage |
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Children become aware of the expectations of others. |
game stage |
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An established organization dedicated to education, public service, or culture. |
institution |
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Developed the idea of psychoanalysis, and believed biological drives were the primary source of human activity. |
Sigmund Freud |
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Believed that the self-concept is reevaluated every time we enter a new social situation. He called this process of self-formation the looking-glass self. |
Charles Horton Cooley |
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Developed a theory of cognitive development, which he broke down into four stages to describe the changes which occur over time in children's reasoning and understanding. |
Jean Piaget |
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Theory of cognitive development stages. |
sensorimotor |
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Defined by Emile Durkheim, which sees it as necessary to establish group boundaries--it marks the extremities of acceptable behavior. |
functionalist view of deviance |
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The preoperational stage is where a child begins to use language and symbols, and can differentiate fantasy from reality. |
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
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Occurs during a person's lifetime, and refers to a change in an individual's social standing. It is also called career mobility. |
intragenerational mobility |
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A change in social standing across generations--an example is the son of high-school dropout blue collar workers graduating from business school. |
intergenerational mobility |
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He defined eight stages of psychosocial development that involved a task or crisis. |
Erik Erikson |
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A person judges other cultures against the standards of his own culture. |
ethnocentrism |
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Occurs when an immigrant group effectively becomes part of the main culture by gradually adopting the values and culture of the majority of the population. |
assimilation |
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Occurs when different groups in a society maintain parts of their distinctive cultures while coexisting peacefully with the majority group. |
cultural pluralism |
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The idea that as time passes, society becomes more complex. |
sociocultural evolution |
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A shared cultural heritage that defines a group of people and involves cultural ties--shared cultural practices, perspectives and distinctions. |
ethnicity |
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Emile Durkheim is famous for is his definition of four types of suicide |
ltruistic |
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Came up with a method which he called verstehen, which allows sociologists to mentally put themselves into the "other person's shoes" and obtain an "interpretative understanding" of individual behavior. |
Max Weber |
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Means "empathetic understanding." |
verstehen |
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A person's position in society or a group--includes things such as being a computer science major, a wife, a Hispanic-American, etc. |
status |
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Theories that attempt to determine patterns in the development of cities--multiple nuclei theory, concentric zone theory, and the sector theory. |
urbanization theories |
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Said that change could result in anomie either in the whole society or some parts of it. |
Emile Durkheim |
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An association of self-selected equals, based on friendship, a sense of belonging, and acceptance. |
peer group |
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The members intimately and warmly interact over a long period of time. |
Charles Horton Cooley's primary group |
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The members do not interact much in this group--the interaction may be anonymous, or for a short duration, and with few emotional ties. |
Charles Horton Cooley's secondary group |
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Refers to small communities consisting largely of primary group relationships. |
Ferdinand Tonnies' gemeinschaft group |
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Refers to groups where membership is based on contractual relationships--the members have a particular goal they want to achieve. |
Ferdinand Tonnies' gesellschaft group |
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Racism which has been codified into society's institutions of custom, practice, and law. |
institutionalized racism |
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Technique developed by J. L. Moreno for figuring out the direction of interaction in a small group. |
sociometry |
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Group which a person belongs to. |
in-group |
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Social group we use to provide the standards for how we evaluate ourselves. |
reference group |
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Person goes along with group goals, doing things they normally would not do, to be accepted. |
group conformity |
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Achievement motivated; they are task-oriented leaders who are interested in achieving the goals--make good managers because they are efficient. |
instrumental leaders |
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Believed that population growth had a tendency to exceed food production. |
Thomas Malthus |
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The classic model of modern bureaucracy was proposed by a German sociologist. He believed promotion of bureaucrats should be gradual and based on merit rather than political connections. |
max webber |
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States that in a bureaucratic organization, "work expands to fill the time available for its completion." |
Parkinson's Law |
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States that employees in a bureaucracy are promoted to their level of incompetence. The condition where population growth outpaces industrial growth. |
Peter Principle |
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Robert Michels' law which said that in every organization, a small number of people actually make the decisions. |
Iron Law of Oligarchy |
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Refers to the ways of getting people to conform to norms--such as persuasion, teaching, and force. |
social control |
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The confusion that arises when social norms conflict or don't even exist. |
anomie |
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Proposed the differential association theory to explain how people learn deviance. |
Edwin Sutherland |
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The group into which a person is born. |
family of orientation |
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The group formed in adulthood by people when they have children. |
family of procreation |
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The American sociologist theorized that changing family patterns were not a simple effect of one cause such as industrialization. |
William J. Goode |
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William J. Goode's book, World Revolution and Family Patterns noted a trend in industrialized societies toward nuclear family households or smaller family units. |
western conjugal family system |
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Marriage occurs outside of specific groups--marrying with someone outside of his family. |
exogamy |
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One marries within a certain group--marrying someone of the same race. |
endogamy |
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How work is divided among people in a social group or organization. |
division of labor |
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People are directly involved with extraction and cultivation of natural resources--hunting, gathering, farming, and mining. |
primary sector of the economy |
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Known as the number of people in the total population who are not in the total work force. |
economic dependency ratio |
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Raw materials are turned into manufactured goods--mills and factories. |
secondary sector of the economy |
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Services, rather than physical goods--health, education, and entertainment. |
tertiary sector of the economy |
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Value of goods and services are based on supply and demand and uses money as a medium for trade. |
free-market system of distribution |
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From long-held customs, people follow not because of the leader's qualifications but because that's what people have always done--a king. |
traditional authority |
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Based on rational grounds and usually a body of laws which have been legally enacted or contractually established. |
rational legal authority |
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Region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas in sufficient proximity to be considered a single urban complex. |
megalopolis |
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Created when the suburbs surrounding several metropolises grow and merge together, forming one continuous urban complex. |
megalopolis |
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Max Weber differentiated between three different ways of getting legitimacy. |
traditional |
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People being governed have little or no say in government's operations--the rulers are dictators who do not tolerate opposition to their authority. |
authoritarian government |
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The three main types of government. |
authoritarian |
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Stated that a small group of military leaders, politicians, and business leaders cooperate and form a "ruling class" in America. |
C. Wright Mills' book The Power Elite |
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Power is dispersed throughout many competing interest groups. |
pluralist model |
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Believed that a pluralist model of power exists in the United States and no one can dominate society's decision-making process. |
David Riesman |
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Nonreligious in subject matter, form, or use. |
profane |
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Stated that religion functions to bind society's members by having them affirm their common beliefs and values on a regular basis. |
Emile Durkheim's book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life |
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Studied six of the world's largest religions and wrote the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. |
Max Weber |
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He believed that Protestantism's "Work Ethic" played a big part in the development of capitalism in the West, whereas Eastern religions such as Hinduism were barriers to capitalism. |
Max Weber |
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Economic system characterized by limited involvement of the government in the economy, individual ownership of the factors of production, and individuals pursuing their own self interest with few constraints. |
pure capitalism |
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Government plays a major part in allocating resources--US welfare system. |
welfare capitalism |
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Small number of organizations or individuals control a product or service--automobile manufacturing industry. |
oligopoly |
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As a result of lower birth rates and higher life expectancy, the elderly comprise the fastest growing age group in the US. |
It is estimated that by 2030, persons in the US over the age of 65 will make up 22% of the population. |
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The religions of the West and Middle East emphasize one god--Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. |
monotheism |
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Religions of the Far East and Southeast Asia emphasize many gods--Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Confucianism. |
polytheistic |
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Unequal distribution of power, property, and prestige--the "three P's". |
social stratification |
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People end up in ranked statuses whether they are born into this status or achieve it on their own. |
social hierarchy |
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Person is born into, whereas an achieved social position comes from personal ability or effort. |
ascribed social position |
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Person's ability to move through the different levels of the social hierarchy. |
social mobility |
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Person is born or married into his social position and social mobility is difficult or impossible--India. |
caste system |
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Mobility is easier and occurs more often--America. |
class system |
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Categorizes people into races. Race is often used as a course of social stratification, and is based on physical differences which society has deemed to be socially significant. |
society not biology |
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Argued that stratification is inevitable so that the most capable will fill the most demanding positions. |
Davis & Moore's functionalist view of stratification |
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Believed that social stratification was a result of the class structure--the exploitation of the "have nots" by those who have, or the power of the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. |
Karl Marx |
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First to develop the concept of "sociology." |
Auguste Comte |
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Auguste Comte's Law of Three Stages which are three stages societies progress. |
metaphysical |
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His theory stated that society would progress--eventually the discontent laborers would overthrow their employers to form a classless society of economic equals. |
Karl Marx's theory |
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Social condition in which the working class possess a distorted perception of the reality of class and its consequences. |
Karl Marx's false consciousness |
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World economic system must be understood as a single unit, not a collection of independent countries. |
Wallerstein’s world systems theory |
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Wallerstein’s world systems theory divided the world into three unequal economic categories. |
core |
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Poor countries that are exploited for their cheap labor and raw materials--primarily agricultural found throughout Africa, Latin America and Asia. |
peripheral countries |
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Somewhat industrialized and exploit peripheral countries-- are themselves exploited by core countries. |
semi peripheral countries |
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Dominant capitalist, most advanced industrialized countries and they exploit peripheral/semi peripheral countries. |
core countries |
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Focused on the origins of man-made culture, and his view on social stratification was that due to class, status situation, and parties being a source of conflict and change, there was no foreseeable end to stratification. |
Max Weber |
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Max Weber belief that differences in a person's opportunities for income, how other people assess that person's status, and the forming of parties to acquire social power. |
unavoidable sources of social stratification |
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Allows little social mobility--people are born or married into a certain position. |
caste system of social stratification |
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Model of city growth where cities grow in a series of rings, each characterized by a different group of people and activity. |
concentric zone growth theory |
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Group behavior which can be either short-lived spontaneous public expressions of feeling, or long-term public expressions aimed towards achieving specific goals--mass hysteria, panics, crazes, fads, fashions, and rumors. |
collective behavior |
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Stated that being in a crowd frees the individual members of feeling responsibility or social restraint. |
Gustave Lebon's contagion theory |
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Members of a crowd feel anonymous, and free of social restraint and responsibility, and therefore do whatever the group is doing. |
unconventional collective behavior |
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States that a number of like-minded individuals coming together forms a collective action--the individual motives resulted in the collective action, not some separate "collective mind of the crowd." |
Convergence Theory |
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Proposes that the crowd becomes something like a wild animal, just going with the flow of the crowd and not thinking for themselves. |
Contagion Theory |
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Focuses on the negative and conflicted nature of society. |
conflict perspective |
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States that new norms are created by a few individuals, and the whole crowd soon adopts the new norms. |
Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian's emergent-norm theory |
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Collective activities which are set on causing or preventing changes in society--civil rights movement or temperance movement. |
social movement |
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Focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to obtain resources, mobilize people to advance their cause, and places a great deal of emphasis on the acquisition of financial resources from individuals, organizations, elites and governments. |
resource mobilization theory |
