Sociology

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Sociological Imagination-

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Enables people to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues.

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Max Weber-

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Believed the sociologist’s task is to analyze and explain the course and the consequences of social actions

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Emile Durkheim-

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He believed that a sociologists’ task is to analyze and explain the ties that bind people to one another, which is called solidarity, and the ways they are achieved. Founder of modern sociology

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Karl Marx-

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Believed that rich people were the means of production and had power and the poor people worked for them. Wrote Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.

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Harriet Martineau-

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Made it a point to see the county in all its diversity, and she believed it was important to hear “the casual conversation of all kinds of people”.

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W.E.B. DuBois-

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Defined double consciousness. Wrote about race and reality. Looked at the suppression of the African slave trade.

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Herbert Ganns-

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Analyzes the functions of poverty. Questions why poverty exists

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Racism-

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The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others

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Prejudice-

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A rigid and usually unfavorable judgment about an out-group that does not change in the face of contradictory evidence and that is applied to anyone who shares the distinguishing characteristics of that group

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Gender Polarization-

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The organizing of social life around the male-female distinction, so that people’s sex is connected to virtually every other aspect of human experience, including modes of dress, social roles, and even ways of expressing emotion and experiencing sexual desire

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Endogamy-

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Norms requiring or encouraging people to marry a member of the same social category.

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Caregiver Burden-

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The extent to which caregivers believe that their emotional balance, physical health, social life, and financial status suffer because of their caregiver role.

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Population Pyramid-

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A series of horizontal bar graphs, each of which represents a different five-year age cohort. The population pyramid allows us to view the relative sizes of the age cohorts and to compare the relative numbers or percentages of males and females in each cohort

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Emigration-

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The forced or voluntary departure of individuals from one country or other geographic area of interest

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Immigration-

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The forced or voluntary entry of individuals into a new country or other geographic area of interest

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Functionally Illiterate-

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A term describing people who do not posses the level of reading, writing, and calculation skills needed to function in the society in which they live.

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Jules Henry-

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used hidden curriculum (all the other “lessons” that students learn along with the subject matter). A session of “spelling baseball”, to demonstrate the seemingly ordinary process by which a hidden curriculum is transmitted

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Problems faced by teachers-

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Disciplinary problems, uncompleted homework, cheating, stealing, drugs and alcohol, truancy, and absenteeism. Uninterested students, uninterested parents, low student morale, tardiness, and intimidation or verbal abuse of teachers/staff.

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Sacred-

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A term describing everything that is regarded as extraordinary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe, respect, mystery, and reverence.

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Profane-

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A term describing everything that is not sacred, including things opposed to the sacred and things that stand apart from the sacred, albeit no in opposition to it

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Ecclesiae-

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A professionally trained religious organization governed by a hierarchy of leaders, which claims as its members everyone in a society

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Sect-

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A small community of believers led by a lay ministry, with no formal hierarchy or official governing body to oversee the various religious gatherings and activities. Sects typically are composed of people who broke away from a denomination because they came to view it as corrupt

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Cult-

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Very small, loosely organized groups, usually founded by a charismatic leader who attracts people by virtue of his or her personal qualities

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Asceticism-

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A belief that people are instruments of divine will and that their activites are determined and directed by God

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Secularization-

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A process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are reduced

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Fundamentalism-

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A belief in the timeless nature of sacred writings and a belief that such writings apply to all kinds of environments