Sociology

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a term describing auguste comete's belief that the world can best be understood throug scientific inquiry.

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positivism

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Emile Durkheims designation for a condtion in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared vaules and of a sense of purpose in society

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anomie

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Emile Durkheims term for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside one individual but that exer social control over each person.

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social facts

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a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and predict social events

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theory

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The sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system

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funtionalist perspectives

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funtions that are intended and overtly recognized b the participants in a social unit

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manifest functions

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unintened functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledge by participants

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latent functions

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the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

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conflict perspectives

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an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

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macrolevel analysis

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sociological theory and research that focus on small groups rather than on large scale social structures.

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microlevel analysis

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the sociological approach that views society as the sum of interactions of individuals and groups

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symbolic interactionist perspectives

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the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by postindustrial, consumerism, and global communicaitons.

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post modern perspectives

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sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically.

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quantitative research

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sociological research methods that use interpretive description rather than statistics to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

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qualitative research

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in sociological research, any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situations, or society to another

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variable

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in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure

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validity

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the extend to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time.

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reliability

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a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts.

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survey

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the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life

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content analysis

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a detailed study of life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years

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ethnography

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a relationship that exists when two variables are assocaited more frequently than could be expected by chance

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correlation

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customs and practices that occur across all socieites

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cultural universals

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the proposition that language shapes the view of reality of its speakers

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sapir-whorf hypothesis

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established rules of behavior or standards of conduct

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norms

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informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture

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folkways

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williams ogburns term for a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions

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cultural lag

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the practice of judging all other cultures by ones own culture

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the cultures own standards

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cultural relativism

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the component of culture that consists of activites, products, and sercices that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes

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popular culture

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the extensive infustion of one nations culture into other nations

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cultural imperialism

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the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

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socialization

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the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior

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sociobiology

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sigmund freuds term for the component of personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification

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id

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the rational reality oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure seeking drives of the id.

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ego

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the conscience, consisting of the moral and ethical aspects of the personality

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superego

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the totality of our beliefs and feelings abour ourselves

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self concept

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charles horton cooleys term for the way in which a persons sense of self is derived from the perception of others

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looking glass self

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the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that persons point of view

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role taking

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those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the devlopment of the self

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significant others

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george herber meads term for the childs awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of a childs subculture

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generalized other

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ther persons, groups, or institution that teach us what we need to known in order to participate in society.

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agents of socialization

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a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal position and similar age

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peer group

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the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or mal in a specific group or society

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gender socialization

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aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the mature of ones racial or ethnic status

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racial socialization

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the process by which knoledge and skills are learned for future roles

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anticipatory socialization