Sociology

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Society

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A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common economy and culture

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Globalization

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the growing permeability of national borders and increase in flows of goods and services and people across national borders

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Ethnocentrism

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The inability to understand accept or referenda patterns of behavior or belief different from ones own

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Counter Culture

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Subcultures further than subculture; opposed to government. Ex. Hippies and Amish

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Racism

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This term is used to encompass both prejudice and discrimination by individuals and institutions as well as macro level ideologies and structural forces that fundamentally shape and are shaped by racially hierarchical societies

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Discrimination

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Any behavior, practice or policy that harms excludes or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership. It is often used by dominant groups to control opportunities and reduce the challenges from subordinate groups.

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Values

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A judgment about what is intrinsically important or meaningful. When it comes to research, held by sociologists shape their views of and perspectives on the questions they ask.

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Norm

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A basic rule of society that helps us know what is and is not appropriate to do in a situation. It evolves over time as social attitudes and expectations change, although those changes are typically very slow

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Culture

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Systems of belief and knowledge shared by members of a group or society that shape individual and groups behavior and attitudes. Ex. Language, customs, symbols, rituals

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Role

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A position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated. Ex. Doctor, professor, Class Clown, Man, Woman

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Role Strain and Role Conflict

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RS. The tension experience when there are contradictory expectations within on role
RC. experience when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations

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Status

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A position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

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Minority

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Category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

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Sociology

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The study of societies and the social worlds that individuals inhabit within them.

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Reference Group

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A set of individuals who share similar preferences of social positions and have influence on an individual or members of a group

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Independent Variable

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Aspects or phenomena in research that do not fluctuate in relation to other variables

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Dependent Variable

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Something that fluctuates in relation to other variables. In research this variable is the object of explanation or what the researcher is trying to explain

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Experiments

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Control as many dependent variables based off of the independent; Pro: Control social environment; replicable. Con: Achieving distance from describing complex interactions

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Surveys

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Questionnaire-pro: find social patterns and best method for gathering data and its quick; cons: confusion negative questions that lead to false answers

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Field Research

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Outside observation and participation observation; Pro: participate Yourself. Con: False behavior

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Secondary Data

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Existing Documents; Pro: researchers are able to work with info they could not obtain themselves using different sources and replicate projects with the same data. Cons: Seeking answers to the wrong questions and misinterpretations

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Intergenerational Mobility

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mobility occurring in ones lifetime

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Intragenerational Mobility

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mobility that occurs with children in relation to parents

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What was C. Right Mills' "sociological Imagination?

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Challenges our basic impulses to see aspects of life as inevitable or natural. Provided insight into stereotyping and active discrimination.

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How and Where did Sociology Develop?

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Comete coined the term sociology and Durkheim was the father, it developed in europe

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Structural Functionalist Theory

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Interrelated parts that make a whole, have to types of functions: problems arise when institutions do not fulfill their functions, and dysfunction creates social disorganization

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What are two components of social Structure?

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A social hierarchy that provides individuals and groups with different kinds of status and Institutions that are longstanding practices.

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Conflict Perspective

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Groups are engaged in continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources ex. class, race, and gender inequalities

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Symbolic Interactionist

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Microlevel analysis on how people make sense of their daily lives, society is the sum of interactions of individuals and groups. Problems analyzed by looking at how people impose meanings on others.

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Informed Consent

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a requirement to disclose our identity as researchers from our subjects by making their participation voluntary and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits involved

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Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

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Operate at most universities are are required at all universities that receive research funds from the federal government.

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Deviants

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People regarded as a problem by dominant members of society

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Labeling Theory

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A so called Deviant come about because there is a person or group that can serve as the object of the label and an individual or institution that can put the label on and make it stick.

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Milgram Research

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Induced his subjects to deliver what they thought were painful even fatal electrical shocks to a stranger.

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Asch Research

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presented individuals with a line drawn on a card and asked them to choose among three lines drawn on another card to match the length.

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Zimbardo Research

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Twenty four stand ford undergraduate men were recruited to live in a mock prison

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In-Group

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Any group or category to which people feel they belong.

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Out-Group

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A group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

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Dominant Group

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Seeks to monopolize opportunities or claims on rewards

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Major agents of socialization and the importance of Families

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Give racial ethnic, and religious identies, teach basic rules of society, provide social networks, influence education and cognitive capacities through life long interactions, help in later life

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George Herbert Meads social self theory

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The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity.

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Charles Horton Cooley's looking through glass self

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self-image is formed largely by the messages we get from others, and an individual's interpretation of those messages. The three components are (1) envisioning how one's self appears to others, (2) imagining what others must think of one's appearance, and (3) developing self-feeling, such as pride or shame, from one's understanding of these perceived judgments by others.

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Goffman; Dramaturgical Analysis

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argued that human actions are dependent upon time, place, and audience. The self is a sense of who one is, a dramatic effect emerging from the immediate scene being presented