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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formalist/ Substantialist debate
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Formalist = All economies the same (traditional too), follow capitalism and supply and demand.
o Missionaries → catholic bride price higher than others o Ignored that these payments initiated long-term cycle of payments. Discuss Results. Structuralist = Different modes of production, not just capitalism (3 kinds) o Reciprocity (generalized and balanced) o Redistribution (ex. Feudalism) o Market Exchange (profit motive) |
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Martinussen and Development Theory (view diagram)
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** Development is never value free.
*** Failure to examine each aspect may result in unsuccessful development strategy. Initial Situation Development Objective (Rostov's "age of maturity") Development Strategy Development Process |
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Gender and Colonialism (Waylen)
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1) Impact on gender relations
2) How it embodies gendered ideas 3) Roles women allowed to play in colonial regimes WRITE PRACTICE ESSAY COVERING ALL WAYLEN ISSUES DISCUSSED IN THIS SECTION |
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"The Original Affluent Society" (Sahlins)
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Theory = hunter gatherers were the original affluent society
Hunters "in the business for their health" (ex. Kalahari . . . all wants are satisfied) Shift in anthropological thought from primitive to affluent. Led to "man the hunter" hypothesis. - Innately aggressive . . . needed for hunting way of life. - capitalism = hunters of $$ |
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"The Economy and Symbolic Sites in Africa" (Hassan Zuooul)
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INTERCONNECTEDNESS
Black box = underlying assumptions Conceptual box = ways of thinking Tool box = actions Africans view world as series of interconnections between kinship, economics, religion, and cosmology. If you change one aspect, you affect the others. EX. Land - can't just separate and sell for profit . . . tied to religion and economic organization. Illustrated with Tanna Island and half island could not participate in bride exchange. |
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Boran Concepts of Development (FIDNAA)
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WHO THEY ARE:
• Pastoralists in Africa • FIDNAA → “Fertility long ago” • Harmony, honesty, cooperation, and consensus MODERNITY WANTS THEM TO CHANGE: embrace individuality, personal growth, and competition • Government projects → become coffee planters → not sustainable with the environment HOW THEY FEEL/ PROBLEMS: Boran feel it is a waste of their time • school → takes from tradition • Creates hierarchies non-exist w/ Kinship • They want their right to choose FIDNAA |
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Critical Theory and Waylen
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WRITE ESSAY
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Processes that Led to 3rd W (and what replaced them)
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Colonialism and Imperialism
replaced by: Post- colonialism = "nation-building" Neo - colonialism = influence and domination |
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Origins of 3rd W = LATIN AMERICA
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1st to be colonized
3 Features emerged: 1) New dominant group (Mestizos or Ladinos) 2) Eradication Indigenous peoples 3) Export-oriented system After revolution, Britain and France wanted to grab former colonies . . . Monroe Doctrine (1823) - asserts rights of americans to interfere - sounded benign "no more colonies in the Americas" - Sphere of influence (cold war bonus) Carter Doctrine (1980) - response to oil embargo - Arabs no send to Israel supporters - US guaranteed oil supply |
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ASIA
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• Large powerful states that had been trading w/ Europes since ancient times
• Trade route cut-off by Turks → Vasto de Gamma circumnavigates Africa → finds E. Asia • Because of longstanding trade, no disease issues unlike Americas Inflation destabilizes Asian states (popular gold) Euro's begin trading opium for teas and spices in China Opium wars, which China loses Now sphere of influence Meanwhile, Japan rapidly industrializes and becomes imperialist (SEACPS) US forces to be open trade. |
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Middle East
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Not much interest in Middle East until oil came about
Suez Canal 1869 • Egypt owned it w/ European financing • Rational for interfering w/ Egyptian politics • Rulers lost prestige WW1 • Ottomon Empire dismantled • Iraq + Kuwait = British dominance, others to France • Iraq was created out of leftover space and that is why Sunni Arabs and Shi’at muslims are now together in a situation of conflict. WW2 • USA puts in Sha of Iran to prevent oil takeover Carter Doctrine • Statement that world cannot use resources for political influence • Not nice doctrine → does not encourage dialogue/ alternatives • Became justification for keeping Saddam in power and then taking him out of power **Doctrines seem to be rationalizations for intervening** |
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AFRICA
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Late Arrival (Malaria scare)
Americas appeared disease ridden/ under populated → needed workers • 10,000,000 W. Africans kidnapped • race basis for determining labour **Draw sugar triangle 1884 Scramble for Africa • Borders drawn in reference to Euro strategies and goals (Brit and France got most) Colonies paid for themselves through head tax. British attempt indirect rule by putting locals in tension w/ one another (Senegalese and Tamil Tigers) Belgians too in Rwanda. De-colonization begins end of WW2. |
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Summary of 3rd W Origins
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• Huge shift of populations and economic patterns
• Colonialism sort of an accident … just hoping to establish trade • As trade grew so did the importance of influence • Euros took things over Colonial activites → Modernizing, civilizing, Christianizing Big Players → the “Quad” • W. Europe, USA, Canada, and Japan • As development and post-colonial processes emerged post-WW2, these 4 areas or entities (political entities) establish and channel capital, trade, investment, etc. in their own interest. |
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Paradigm Shifts
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Thomas Kuhn (1962)
Science not linear, revolutions. Not added to framework of another. Newtonian Physics vs. Einstenian Relativity (large scale vs. small scale) Shifts from paradigm to paradigm versus building on other knowledge. Paradigm shifts emerge out of crisis. (Explain how . . . 3 steps) |
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4 People Central to the Development of Economics
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Adam Smith
- allow people to reach highest degree of labour productivity - enlightened self interest . . . hard workers rise to the top. - Govnt laissez faire, foster growth and provide infrastructure. David Ricardo - added Theory of Comparative Advantage (specialize) and Law of Rents (poverty emerge out of natural competition, moral law) Thomas Malthus - wealth cannot keep pace w/ population - blame poor for situation, stop reprodcing! Karl Marx - Labour theory of value (surplus value = profit) (low wages vs. high wages) - Base determines superstructure - History moves forward through dialectical materialism to shift mode of production SUMMARY: Smith, Ricardo, Malthus = structuralist (internal problems) Marx = neo-marxist/ post-marxist (external, dependency) |
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Development (structuralist) theories: ROSTOV
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"Rostov's Stages of Growth"
1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for Take-off 3. Take-off 4. Age of Maturity 5. Age of mass-consumption Solution - transfer $ from west Barriers - traditional economies and social systems. Assumptions: - West became modern w/o conflict - Ignores West had dominance, exploited people - Job of w to get 3 to pre-conditions for take-off |
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Neo- Marxist/ Dependency Theories WALLERSTEIN
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"World Systems Theory"
Before capitalism, size mattered. After, fit in global system mattered. -- Capitalism altered spatial relationships "peripheral surplus" -- decreased conflict in core at expense of periphery. Avoided antithesis at home. -- Periphery wealth not accrued locally |
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Neo-Marxist/ Dependency Theories ERIC WOLFE
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**The World changes in Long 16th Century ** printing press, protestantism, etc.
Prior to 1400's -- everywhere is kin-based productive life During long 16th century -- Kin to tributary -- everyone on earth impacted -- ex. Borneo now monocrop Gunder Frank: Every level of work economy impacted by satellites and metropoles. |
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"Corporation" - Waylen
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REVIEW SECTION
3 organizations to fix destruction after WW2 International Monetary Fund IBRD (World Bank) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Therefore, countries could tie currency to stable US$, have low loans through IBRD, and could trade relatively freely with members of GATT. |
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Distortion of Formal and Informal Sectors / Alternatives for measuring wealth
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Dual Economy
Formal Sector -- export/ Import oriented sector -- Caters to elites in govnt and bureaucrats Informal Sector -- Subsistence based -- Emphasizes local production for use DISTORTED MEASUREMENT -- The World bank looks at formal sector when assessing wealth (GDP) What alternatives? PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index) o Infant Mortality rate o Life expectancy at age one o Literacy rate HDI (Human Development Index) o Life expectancy at birth o Knowledge (literacy and enrollment) o Standard of Living (GDP per capita and purchasing power) Both contain value judgements → still show something else is going on besides wealth in the formal sector. |
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Martinussen's Goals of Development
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Regardless of the model:
1) Economic growth 2) self-sustaining domestic economy 3) Diversification 4) Meaningful and effective citizen participation 5) Universally available education 6) Stability → government and society 7) Basic human rights How do you obtain good scores on these goals? 4 Basic Models of development have been tried . . . |
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Basic Needs Model
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•Sought to encourage self-subsistence and rural development
•Communist world; China, Cuba Poor are the target of development → o De-centralization, rural empowerment, resources available rather than income. o Outreach education, nutrition and public health. De-linking encouraged . . . work on independent and autonomous development Some success → China and Cuba Poverty as main problem → once eliminated, you will be able to get development goals achieved. Heavily influenced by PQLI scores |
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Import Substitution and Industrialization Model
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Infant Industry Argument
Brazil -- Attempt at de-linking -- High tariffs on incoming consumer goods -- Low tariffs on incoming "capital goods" (needed for production) Results Crappy exports Dual Economy (increased) Inhibited development of domestic market Fostered Corruption |
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Modern World and Domestic Economies
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Primary Sector (raw materials)
Secondary Sector (manufacturing, industrial) Tertiary Sector (elite, govnt, military) Backwards and Forward linkages -- Backward (factory generates to f) -- Forward (f takes advantage of f) INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING DEVELOPS OUT OF OTHER INDUSTRIES (or so it should) However, MNC's own and control most industries Rarely exist to serve people within a nation No linkages formed, no market formed, most capital removed from country. BENEFITS TERTIARY SECTOR. |
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Export-Oriented Models (Neo- Classical)
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• Economic growth measured by GDP
• Free markets with little government regulation • Free trade (low duties, low tariffs, fewer restrictions on movement of capital) • Privatization (government gives up state supported industries) • Harper, Gordon, WTO and International Monetary Fund= neo-classical • Basically, you need to be this way in order to get loans/ funding. SAP -- "structural adjustment program" -- we'll give u $$ to develop primary -- you must change inveestment laws so MNC's can comes in and develop factories to get secondary sector going. -- so, all turn to MONOCROP Problems? -- Continuation of colonial practices -- Fosters dependency -- Mono-crop culture (down sides) QUICK TO GAIN, QUICK TO LOSE! |
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South- East Asian Model
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Export- Oriented Approach -- BUT with government involvement and management of economy
Asian Tigers Based on notions of filial piety Great deal of sacrifice No monocrop -- land reforms! No leftover colonial institutions. World Bank not promoting, but most successful of all models. |
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3 Main players/ Problems in 3rd World
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MNCS
Foreign Aid Debt |
