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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Israel kibbutzim |
Men and women share in both work and decision making. Almost social equality |
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Gender and occupations |
9 |
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Pink-collar work refers to what type of jobs? |
Clerical |
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Occupational segregation |
9 |
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Gender, income, and wealth. Men $1.00, women $0.77 |
9 |
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Reasons for income disparity |
1. Kind of work 2. Family Nascar effect 3. Discrimination glass ceiling |
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Margaret Mead concluded that... |
Culture is the key to gender distinctions, because what one society defines as masculine another may see as feminine |
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George Murdock found that... |
Preindustrial societies of the world were as likely to turn to one sex as the other |
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Sexism |
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other |
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Roman Catholic Church rules that... |
Women can only be mother superiors supporting the leaders in decision making. Men can be priests. |
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Sexism starts with ____. It is a ____, nothing to do with biology. |
Patriarchy, social construct |
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Gender roles |
Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex |
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The female world revolves around____, and the male world puts a premium on ____. |
Cooperation and emotion, Independence and action |
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Gender and mass media |
Men often play the role as detectives, explorers. Women play the role of sexual interest. Men often appear taller than women. |
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Beauty myth |
Women should measure their worth in terms of physical appearance or, more specifically, how physically attractive they are to men. Beauty minded women try to please men and avoid challenging male power. Striving to be physically attractive to men is the key to women's happiness. Men are told repeatedly that they should want to possess beautiful women. |
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Status consistency |
The degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Most people in America tend to be like this. George W. Bush is an example of being status consistent. |
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Status inconsistency |
A person may occupy many differ statues. These statues can define how other people see us. Most people show a degree of status consistency in their social standing. Some people, however, show less status consistency and more status inconsistency. People who reflect status inconsistency have different levels in which their status positions are ranked. The inconsistency of social positions can become uncomfortable for the people as well as those who are interacting with the person. At least in one dimension, they may be off. |
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Opposing theories of stratification - the structural-functionalist view |
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore's theory argue that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. You must have an unequal distribution of rewards. Argues supply and demand. Critical evaluation - Melvin Tumin. Argues that it is difficult to measure any functional importance of any occupation because it may not be that the occupation is important, may be a result of economic supply and demand. |
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The conflict theory view |
Karl Marx believed unequal distribution of wealth. Proletariat -- the worker class Bourgeoisie -- the capitalists Once the Proletariat developed Class consciousness, there will be a revolution between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariats Critical evaluation -- Davis Moore argues you cannot get people what you want to be without unequal distribution of rewards A classless society - The former Soviet Union, Marxs model. |
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Caste system |
Social stratification based on ascription, or birth. |
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A pure caste system is ___ because birth alone determines a person's entire future, allowing little or no social mobility based on individual effort. |
Closed |
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Estate (caste-like) system is broken into... |
First, second, and third |
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Church leaders, typically referred to as the ____ in Europe, has a great deal of power to shape the political events of the day. |
First estate |
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The rest of the aristocracy, which in Europe was known as the ____, was a hereditary nobility that made up barely 5% of the population |
Second estate |
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To prevent their vast landholdings from being divided by heirs after they died, aristocrats devised the law of ____, which required that all property pass to the oldest son or other male relation |
Primogeniture |
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Below the high clergy and the rest of the aristocracy, the vast majority of men and women were simply called commoners, or in France or in other European nations, the ____ |
Third estate |
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Master status |
Defined as a status that a society defines as having special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life. When a person has status inconsistency, the master status may be used to determine how we relate to that person. A black professor, for example, may carry the master status of being "black" in the eyes of some white students ; thus the professor is seen not just as a professor with high occupational status but as a black person with lower social status. The master status can override other social identities and become the basis for continued group prejudice and discrimination. |
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In a class system, the family is... |
the basic unit of stratification |
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Because a modern economy must attract people to work in many occupations other than farming, it depends on developing people's talents in diverse fields. This gives rise to a ___, social stratification based on birth and individual achievement. |
Class system |
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Work is no longer fixed at birth but involves some personal choice. Greater individuality also translates into more freedom in selecting a marriage partner. These are characteristics of a ____. |
Class system |
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Per Max Weber, in terms of social stratification, the first dimension is _____, or____. The second dimension is ___, and the third is ____. |
Wealth, economic inequality, class position; status/social prestige; power |
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Social class |
People with characteristics that are similar |
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American class structure |
I) upper class; Karl Marx's capitalist class. 5% of Americans, earn over $205000 yearly. Karl Marx described these men and women as capitalists, or the owners of the means of production along with most of the nation's private wealth. 1. The upper upper class, "blue bloods ", "elite", "old money" passed from generation to generation. 1% of the 5%. 2. The lower upper class, "nouveau riche" "new rich". 4% of the 5%. Those who earned their money. First generation money.
II) the middle class. 40-45% of population. 1. The upper middle class. Defining characteristic is Education. Work in prestigious top tier white-collar jobs. 2. The average middle. Less prestigious white-collar jobs.
III) The working class (lower middle). Karl Marx's Proletariat. Little job satisfaction. IV) the lower class "working poor". Family > work |
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Social mobility |
Changes that mostly occur within the middle class in small movements. Upward Downward Horizontal (changing jobs at the same class level) Intragenerational (change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime) Intergenerational (your position in relation to parents) Determine social approach? 1. Objective approach 2. Subjective approach (where do you see yourself?) 3. Reputational approach |
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Population is affected by three factors |
Fertility, mortality, and migration |
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Fertility |
Actual number of babies being born. Crude birthrate - annual number of births per 1000 people. Fertility rate - annual number of birth of childbearing age (15-44) Fecundity rate - max number of births in a population (does not meet the actual fertility rate) |
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Social limitations on births |
Age of marriage. Norms about premarital behavior (baby momma and baby daddy). Social attitudes. Economy. |
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History of fertility trends |
I. High fertility rate (colonial, agriculture economy) II. Birthrate falls (1900s, industrial revolution) III. Birthrate explodes (women in education. Values for domestic roles. Baby boom after world War II ) IV. Birthrate decline (1930s, economic depression. Starvation. Also occurred in the 1960s with introduction of birth control ) - ideal family size (two, today) - zero population growth (never has been a downward trend in population growth) - impact of smaller families (social security) |
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Determining social class position |
Several approaches have been suggested for determining social class position in the united states: The objective approach involves using measurable criteria. This measurable criteria includes the amount of income, the amount of education, the occupation prestige, the residential location, the house type, and the source of income associated with the individual. A number is then assigned to each criterion. The total number of points obtained by adding all six criteria will determine assignment in the social class hierarchy. The subjective approach involves asking individuals to determine their own ranking in the social class hierarchy. The reputational approach relies on information from other members of the community. Social class position in the united states can be determined by these three approaches. |
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Two-thirds of the children of upper middle class family.... |
Go to college |
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Mortality |
Measured by the crude death rate. Reflected in terms of life expectancy (the year you are born, gender, financial stability). Women generally live longer than men, because women give men stress |
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Migration |
The movement of people into and out of specified territory. Mostly occurred between 1840s and 1920s, most of whom were white ethnics. Emigration - exit Immigration - go into |
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Theories of population |
1) Thomas Malthus - population is the result of timeless passion between the sexes. Children been born creates a population explosion -- geometric progression. Soylent green He recognized that artificial birth control or abstinence might change his prediction. 2) Karl Marx - critical evaluation of Malthus, stating that Malthus ignores social inequality for famine. Supply and demand would dominate. It in the interest in the capitalists to have the Proletariats go forward and multiply. 3) Warren Thompson - democratic transition theory. Population patterns linked to society's level of technological development. |
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Zero population growth |
* |
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World population growth |
Population has been doubling per 42 years. This will lead to famine, lack of resources. |
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China's two child policy |
In 1971, China had two-child policy. In 1980, the population has increased to 1 billion in China, this limited families to a one-child policy. However, this was not sustainable given that families were illegally aborting their children whom they discovered to be female. Gender imbalance would create sexual frustration by men who would be unable to find spouses. |
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Urban ecology |
The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities. May be defined as a change in the distribution of urban residents or a change in the use of land. Natural areas can be defined as people and their related activites that have an unplanned quality which arise when people freely choose to congregate in locations where their needs are fulfilled. Transient in nature, for people who are trying to get a new start. Neighborhoods can be planned. They usually occur in family residence areas where parents rear their children and where people experience daily personal contact with others in the area. Neighborhoods and natural areas are constantly formed, dissolved, and relocated. These changes in land use involve urban ecological processes. Neighborhoods can also be unplanned -- custom homes. Metropolitan ( Central city, suburbia, rural urban fringe). Dominates an urban area. Megalopolis - a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surroundings suburbs. |
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Urban ecological processes |
1. Centralization - the tendency of people to cluster at some pivotal point in a city. 2. Decentralization - the tendency to move toward the periphery of the city. Suburban areas. 3. Segregation - the concentration of certain types of people or land use within a particular area. 4. Invasion and succession. Requires that a lower status group or activity move into a higher status group or activity. Invade means to move into an area. Succeed means when the new group replaces the dominant group in the neighborhood or the entire city. |
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Ecological patterns of urban growth |
Concentric zone model. Sector model. Multiple nuclei model. |
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Growth of US cities |
The central city original urban settlement. Suburbia is just beyond the city limits. Economically and financially dependent on the central city. Rural urban areas |
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Demography |
Study of human populations |
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What factor accounts for most of the differences in the earnings of working women and men in the United States? |
The kind of work people do |
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____ drives men to relentlessly seek control, not only of women but also of themselves and their world. |
Patriarchy |
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___ in our culture encourages men to engage in many high-risk behaviors, including using tobacco and alcohol, playing dangerous sports, and even driving recklessly. |
Masculinity |
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Why is it that married people live longer than single people? |
People lose the willing to live when they are alone. Single individuals do not have group ties. |
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Society goes thru stages of demographic transition (population change), per Warren Thompson |
Stage 1, high birth rates. No birth control. Death rates also high because of low standards of living and limited medical technology. Prevalent in Europe before the Industrial Revolution. Stage 2, onset of industrialization. Birth rates are still high, death rates decrease. Food supply and advancements in medicine increase. Most third-world countries are at this stage. Stage 3, mature industrial economy. Birthrate drops due to change in perspectives in economies, family is valued over work. Fertility falls because most children survive to adulthood and because high living standards make raising children expensive. Stage 4, birth and death rate are low, partly because dual-income couples gradually become the norm and partly because the cost of raising children continues to increase. |
