Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Structural functionalism
|
What is takes to maintain stability in society. Ex: laws, norms, education
|
|
|
Conflict theory
|
Karl Marx (capitalism/economics)
1 % vs 99% life chances based on class |
|
|
Emile Durkheim
|
"Father of Sociology"
established academic discipline -Behavior must be understood within larger social context. -Religion reinforced a groups solidarity -Suicide: The act of severing relationships |
|
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
Sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor.
|
|
|
Frazier
|
Spoke about American Black Family and imaging
|
|
|
Oscar Louis
|
Studied Mexican Americans
|
|
|
Definition of Sociology
|
Study of sustained social interaction and sources and consequences of such.
The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. |
|
|
Key question in sociology?
|
How do people organize themselves?
|
|
|
What are the two identites
|
Personal and Social
|
|
|
C. Wright Mills
|
defines sociological imagination
|
|
|
Sociological Imagination
|
Awareness of relationship between individual & wider society.
View on society as an outsider rather than from only personal experience Willing to ask difficult/embarrassing questions |
|
|
Social Science
|
Studies aspects of human society
Seek to understand ways in which people interact and shape society Study influence society has on peoples attitudes and behavior. |
|
|
Natural Science
|
Study of physical features of nature and the ways they interact/change
|
|
|
Theory
|
Sets of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution impact on sociology
|
-changed nature of work
-transformed individ. workshops into factories -workers produce goods for larger society |
|
|
What did new modes of travel do?
|
Connected people to one anther in reliable efficient way
Mass immigration |
|
|
Auguste Comte
|
1798-1857 Systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve society
COINED term "Sociology" |
|
|
Harriet Martineau
|
1802-1876
-Studied social practices in Britain and US -Emphasized impact of economy, law, trade, health -Studied evolutionary change in society |
|
|
Egotistic suicide
|
individual feels cut off from social interaction. isolation occurs in people without groups
|
|
|
Altruistic Suicide
|
opposite of egoistic. so attached to group that there is no sense of the self. example: kamikaze suicide bombers
|
|
|
Fatalistic Suicide
|
neurological problems/or illness. like thinking since you have cancer, there is no hope.
|
|
|
Anomic Suicide
|
Social instability caused by erosion of standards and values. example: economic depression
|
|
|
Max Weber
|
To comprehend behavior, you must learn subjective meaning.
Employ verstehen (understanding) |
|
|
Karl Marx
|
society divided between classes that CLASH
worked with engels emphasized GROUP identifications that influence ones place in society |
|
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
(1868-1963)
research that he hoped would assist the struggle of a racially segregated society. wrote about black folks & double consciousness "negro is the 7th son" |
|
|
double consciousness
|
division of an individual's identity into 2 or more SOCIAL identities.
|
|
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
(1864-1929)
Used sociological perspective to examine face to face groups such as families, gangs and friendship. |
|
|
Symbolic interaction
|
We don't interact face to face anymore. When we use internet or text, we are symbolizing something.
|
|
|
Jane Adams
|
combined intellectuality, social service work and political acitivism
cofounded hull house for immigrants |
|
|
Robert Merton
|
combined theory and research
developed explanations for deviant behavior |
|
|
Macrosociology
|
Large scale phenomena
|
|
|
Microsociology
|
small groups; often through experience
|
|
|
Major Theoretical Perspectives
|
functionalist, conflict, interactionist
|
|
|
Functionalist perspective
|
Emphasizes the way parts of a society are structured to maintain stability
views society as network of connected parts which helps maintain ourselves as a whole |
|
|
Dysfunctionns
|
element or process of society that may disrupt system
|
|
|
Manifest function
|
purpose of an institution
ex: getting fast food to get food fast and cheap |
|
|
Latent function
|
unconcious unintended functions that reflect hidden purpose of institution
ex: family meal manifest: to feed family latent: to talk and spend time with family |
|
|
Conflict
|
assumes social behavior is best understood in terms or conflict or tension between groups
|
|
|
The Marxist View
|
conflict is not merely as a class phenomena that as a
Need to add more 0__0 |
|
|
Feminist View
|
view inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization
often paired with conflict theory micro-level relationships |
|
|
Interactionist perspective
|
everyday forms and social interactions to explain society as a whole
George Herbert Mead |
|
|
George Herbert Mead
|
how the mind and self emerge from the social process of
1863-1931 communication by signs founded the symbolic interactionist school of sociology |
|
|
The sociological approach
|
gain broadest understanding of society by drawing all major perspectives where they overlap
|
|
|
Scientific Method
|
organized series of steps that ensures objectivity and consistency
|
|
|
Major Research Designs
|
surveys
observation experiments existing sources |
|
|
Socialization
|
process which children LEARN basic attitudes, values and behaviors
|
|
|
Culture
|
totality of learned socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior
|
|
|
society
|
large # of people live in same territory
|
|
|
ethnocentrism
|
tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
ex: us in iraq |
|
|
cultural relativism
|
evaluation of a people's behavior from the perspective of their culture.
|
|
|
Cultural Relativism
|
employs a kind of value neutrality in scientific study
requires serious and unbiased effort to evaluate norms, values |
|
|
innovation
|
process of introducing a new idea or object to culture
|
|
|
globalization
|
worldwide interaction of government policies, financial markets and societies
|
|
|
mcdonaldization
|
process which principles of fast food industry dominate certain sectors of society
|
|
|
maternal culture
|
physical/technological aspects of daily lives. food items, furniture, raw materials etc
|
|
|
non maternal culture
|
ways of using material objects as well as customs beliefs, philosophers, governments, patterns of communication
|
|
|
culture lag
|
period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions
|
|
|
cultural variation
|
each culture considers its own way of handling basic society tasks are natural
|
|
|
subcultures
|
segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differ from the pattern of the larger society
ex: omish |
|
|
counter culture
|
when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
ex: hippies |
|
|
sapir
|
whorl hypothesis thought that language determines what people think bc language determines what people think bc language forces people to
|
|
|
language
|
3 forms: spoken, written, nonverbal.
foundation of every culture makes culture possible not solely a human trait language shapes thoughts and perception |
|
|
types of norms
|
formal norms, informal, mores, folkways
|
|
|
formal norm
|
generally written, specify strict punishments
|
|
|
informal norms
|
generally understood, but not recorded
|
|
|
mores
|
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society
|
|
|
folkways
|
norms governing everyday behavior
|
|
|
sanctions
|
penalties and rewards for conduct concerning social norm
|
|
|
culture
|
learned through roles we have role expectations
|
|
|
social structure
|
way in which society is organized into predictable relationships
|
|
|
statuses
|
range of socially defined positions within a large group or society from lowest to highest
|
|
|
ascribed status
|
assigned to person by society. what youre born into/born with
|
|
|
achieved status
|
status achieved by ones efforts
|
|
|
master stats
|
dominates all other status'.
my master status: student at sfsu and skyline |
|
|
social role
|
set of expectations for people who occupy a given status
|
|
|
role conflict
|
when incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social positions held from the same person
|
|
|
role strain
|
difficulties that arise when same position imposes conflicting demands
ex: spookfest and school on the same day role as teenager vs role as student |
|
|
groups
|
people with similar norms, values, expectations
|
|
|
culture
|
learned through roles we have role expectations
|
|
|
social structure
|
way in which society is organized into predictable relationships
|
|
|
statuses
|
range of socially defined positions within a large group or society from lowest to highest
|
|
|
ascribed status
|
assigned to person by society. what youre born into/born with
|
|
|
achieved status
|
status achieved by ones efforts
|
|
|
master stats
|
dominates all other status'.
my master status: student at sfsu and skyline |
|
|
social role
|
set of expectations for people who occupy a given status
|
|
|
role conflict
|
when incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social positions held from the same person
|
|
|
role strain
|
difficulties that arise when same position imposes conflicting demands
ex: spookfest and school on the same day role as teenager vs role as student |
|
|
groups
|
people with similar norms, values, expectations
|
|
|
primary group
|
small group with intimate face to face association and cooperation
|
|
|
secondary group
|
impersonal group with little social intimacy/mutual understanding
|
|
|
in group
|
group feels they belong
|
|
|
out group
|
group feels they do not belong
|
|
|
reference group
|
any group individuals use for evaluating own behavior
ex: "oh i hang out with barack obama's kids" |
|
|
social control techniques
|
obeying parents, peer groups, introduce informal norms, government
|
|
|
ultimate formal sanction
|
death penalty
|
|
|
functionalist perspective on social norms
|
must obey to survive
|
|
|
conformity
|
going along with peers who have no special right to direct/control behavior
|
|
|
obediance
|
compliance with HIGHER AUTHORITY in a hierchal structure
|
|
|
informal social control
|
casually enforce norms
|
|
|
formal socia control
|
carried out by authorized agents
|
|
|
law & society
|
same names are important to a society that they formalized into laws
|
|
|
law
|
government social ontrol
|
|
|
4 main characteristics of defiant behavior
|
occurs in social context
culturally relative social rules are created or constructed not just mutually agreed upon |
|
|
functionalist perspective: merton's theory of deviance
|
how people adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations
|
|
|
critique of functionalists perspective
|
argues that it doesnt explain how norms of deviance are first exchanged
why certain behavior is viewed as adding to society's stability who determines social norms |
|
|
differential association
|
learning bad the same way as you learn good.
ex: growing up in a bad neighborhood, people around you in jail |
|
|
social disorganization theory
|
absence of communal relationships and social institutions will social disorganization
ex: teachers getting paid more in better city---> no good teachers in low income community ex: no after school programs usually an economic problem |
|
|
labeling theory
|
explains why certain people are viewed as deviant and others are not.
|
|
|
primary deviance
|
the act itself
|
|
|
secondary deviance
|
people make a big deal out of it
|
|
|
tentary deviance
|
deviants may redefine their behaviors and see themselves as normal even virtuous (in denial)
|
|
|
labeling elements
|
assume deviant behavior is persistent, cluster # of undesirable things, assume all deviants alik, assume it is an aspect of a person
|
|
|
deviant communities
|
similar to subgroups and counter cultures
maintain own values norms and rewards for behavior |
|
|
labeling sexual deviance
|
implies human sexuality can be confined in neat exclusive categories
|
|
|
conflict theory
|
people with power to protect their own interests define defiance to suit their own needs
|
|
|
feminist perspective on crime
|
adler and chesney-lind suggest that many approaches to deviance have men in mind
society treats women in a stereotypical way |
|
|
crime
|
violation of criminal law
|
|
|
interdiction
|
stopping the source
|
|
|
victimless crime
|
no victim, willing exchange between two people
|
|
|
organized crime
|
work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprise
|
|
|
crime stats
|
inaccurate
stats biased against poor not as accurate as social scientists would like but relate to issue of grave concern to people indicator of police activity |
|
|
stratification
|
members of society have diff amounts of wealth, prestige, power
|
|
|
income
|
salaries and wages
|
|
|
wealth
|
encompasses all of a persons maintained assets
ex: boats, big house, fancy cars |
|
|
system of stratification
|
assembled and achieved
|
|
|
estate system (feudalism)
|
requires peasants to work land leases in change for military protection
|
|
|
class system
|
social ranking based on economic position
|
|
|
classes
|
upper, upper middle, lower middle, working, lower
|
|
|
sociological perspective in stratification
|
sociologists have debated stratification and social inequality and reached varying conclusions
|
|
|
Weber's opinion on stratification
|
should be viewed as having many dimensions
|
|
|
Karl Marx view on class differentiation
|
social relations depend on who controls the primary mode of production
|
|
|
capitalism
|
means of production held by private hands and main incentive for economy is profit
|
|
|
Bourgeoisie
|
capitalist class owns the means of production
|
|
|
proletariat
|
working class
|
|
|
class consciousness
|
awareness of common interest for collective
ex: need to eat vs need to find new shiny wheels for ferari |
|
|
fake consciousness
|
attitude held by members of class that dont accurately reflect their position
ex: poor chick with gucci wallet |
|
|
Max Weber View on stratification
|
no single characteristic defines a persons position in strat system
|
|
|
class
|
group of people who have similar WEALTH and INCOME
|
|
|
status group
|
people who have the same prestige or lifestyle
|
|
|
power
|
ability to exercise ones will over others
|
|
|
interactionists view of stratification
|
interactionists interested on importance of social class in shaping a persons lifestyle
|
|
|
Functionalist View on stratification
|
social inequality necessary so people will be MOTIVATED to fill functionally important positions
|
|
|
Conflict view on functionalist view on stratigication
|
gap between poor and rich is too big
human beings are prone to conflict over scarce resources as wealth/power leads to instability and social change |
|
|
Lenski's view
|
as a society advances technologically it becomes capable of producing surplus of goods and expands the possibilities for inequality in status influence
|
|
|
Measuring social class: Objective Method
|
education, occupation, income, place of residence
|
|
|
prestige
|
respect and admiration an occupation holds in socity
|
|
|
esteem
|
reputation and admiration
|
|
|
multiple measures
|
socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation etc)
|
|
|
income is distributed
|
unevenly
|
|
|
wealth distributed more unevenly than
|
income
|
|
|
wallersteins world systems analysis
|
unequal political and economic in which certain industrialized nations dominate
|
|
|
dependency theory
|
developing countries making economic advances but they remain weak and subservant to core nations
|
|
|
Functionalist View
|
multinational corporations help developing nations of the world brings jobs and industry, take max advantage of technology while reducing costs and boosting profit, make nations more interdependent of less likely to enter conflicts
|
|
|
Conflict View
|
multinational corps EXPLOIT workers
|
|
|
Immanuel Wallerstain
|
world affairs, anti colonial movement in india
antisystemic movements the modern world system he historical development of |
