Sociology

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value

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socially shaped ideas about what is good and desired

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role performance

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hows person actually carries out role

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social forces

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forces (income, technology, ideas, gvmt) that arise from the society we are a part of (relastionships w/ friends and fam)

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concepts of culture (3)

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1.cognitive-ideas and beliefs on what is right/wrong, knowledge is science and easier to test.
2. normative level- norms, values, sanctions
3. symbolic- verbal and non verbal communication

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secondary group

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interact formally, relate as roles and expect profeit from eachother. sales clerk and customer, larger: ECU, corporations

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3 stages of soc

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religious, metaphysical, scientific

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process of sociocultural development

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Q=how societies have changed over time, implicatoins of future, Def= how societies have become larger, more complex, and specialized and food tech dvlpmt, specializatin of jobs

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organic solidarity

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part of fund persp:wide variety of jobs so you must depend on another (city)

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culture shock

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travel somewhere else and you feel uncomfertable to their ways...dont know how to act

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norms

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how people should behave-specific rules

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sapir whorf

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lang predisposes us to see world in certain way, molds mind and determines how we think. ex: english lang has past present and future tenses so we perceive time that way

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folkway norm-

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weak norms that specifly expectaions of proper behavior and no consequences (manners)

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society

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people interacting as residents in same area

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material culture

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tangible object to include every conceivable kind of physical object of humans

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culture

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design for living or a complex whole consisting of objects, values and other characteristics that people acquire as memebers of society.
1. tangibal, human made objects reflect society
2. abstract entities that influence

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Goals (4)

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1.objectivity-make unbiased judgement on seeing something
2. reliablity of measures-consistant measure that everyone will understand in the same way
3. replication-repeat study to test original findings
4. publication-make data avaliable by journal, publisihing

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post industrial:

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high tech dominates society, moving to smaller towns again, computer age,
1. agricultural pursuit-sell farm related product
2. manufacturing-factory
3. service occupation- teacher, barber, resturant. 1& 2 dont want to do

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industrial: 20, large, greatest variety (detroit known for cars)

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machinery, industrial rev 250 yrs ago, family not in charge of all-schools for edu, church for religion etc, work outside fam w/ strangers,

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pastoral:2, 2nd smallest, 4

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nomatic, domesticate and herd animals,desert & mountains, E africa(cattle),middle east(cames and horses), mongolia(horse/cattle/sheep/goat),

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hunting/gathering:1,small,1

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nomatic, hunt animals(men) and gather plants(women), 99%before 1%now, work 2-3 hr/day, 1 group, smallest pop, 1 community
immediate return system-eat food immediatly
delayed-food processed and stored

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society=?

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social structure(how society is organized:school is public or private)+ shared products of society(material and nonmaterial products-poliitics,feelings)

Ex:Language=grammar(structure)=words(culture)

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functionalist sports

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good b/c conducts success to other areas of live through hard work, alertness, physical health. bonds players, people unite b.c of fav sports team

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secondary analysis

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search for new knowledge in existing data and use for diff purpose

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self admisistered questionaire

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give everyone same ques adn ask them to fill it out

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systematic sample

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every 10th person

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structured interview

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researcher asks standar ques that requires them to choose among a group of answers

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Concepts of social research(4)

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1. constants and variables- C=something doesnt change(dont ask group of men what they're sex is). V=changes from oner person to next(ask class what state born in and answers will vary)
2.independed and dependent variables- I=potential cause, not manipulated though. D= depends on cause in ind var.
3.hypothesis-stmt of rela bw two variables that we test (edu guess)
4. correlation- consistant reoccuring rela bw 2 or more variables

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soc integration

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degree to which people are tied to social group: excessive=suicide b/c cant contribute to group. inadequate-widows b/c no support

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prescribed role

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expectations of how certain role should act

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control group

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exposed to dep variable

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group vs society

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G=no social interaction (elevator) S= do talk about groups with meaning

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beliefs

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ideas are subjective, unreliable (god controls lives)

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knowledge

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objective ideas and facts of social nad physical world

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characteristics of soc

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1. broad subj matter
2. interdiciplinary ties
3. multiple theoretical perspectives and none are satisfactory
4. faddish-inclined towards fads of time

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video:when will people help

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ind=more people in room, less likely one is to help. dep=reaction. Influences of reactions=is it ER, weight on shoulders to act;more people=less weight.

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Research methods (3)

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1. survey- most common, ques on attitudes and Behaviors. questionaire=teacher surveys. interview=ask ques and record/draw conclusion on answer..trained person and through phone, email. General social survey(GSS)-data collected 30 yrs online.
2. observable studies-detatched=researcher outside group and not interacting. paticipant-researcher participated to try to understand beh
3. existing data-analyze old collected data. census data and content analysis-examine old stuff bc no where else to get it. ex:collumbine

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role conflict

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mean judge by day and nice dad by night

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unstructured interview

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answer freely to open ended ques

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laws

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formalized and written mores

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status

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position in society.

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society as living organism

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each organ (society:family, gvmt, religion) contributes to the survival of the whole. survival of fittest (rich survive, poor die)

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mechanical solidarity

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part of func persp:do same work and have same beliefs (farmers)

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horticultural: 3, med, more but small

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settled, small gardens, slash and burn (slash shrub and burn to use for fertilizer), warefare common, less 10000 people

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role strain

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incompatible demands from role of single status. ex:prof torn bw teachign class and researching

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institution

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set of widly shared beliefs, norms and necessary procedures to meet basic needs of society:fam, edu, economy and politics

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Functionalist perspective

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macro,stablem each part of society (fam,religion,gvmt) performs functions for the whole of society but are interdependent. if conflict, parts adjust (bad economy=spend less). people unite b/c same values. 1940-50, too optimistic: ignore problems

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society

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collection of interacting indv sharing same way of life in same territory

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more

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strong norms with consequences..demands

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primary group

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members interact informalls, ralate and people, enjoy rela, small

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ethnography

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focus on persons thoughts and meanings over behaviors and activities

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manifest function

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part of funct persp, those intended to seek obvious. ex: go to college to get an education

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latent function

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part of funct persp, unintended and unrecognized. ex: go to college to find husband

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stratified sample

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know % of pop and select rendom sample where each group is equally represinted

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experimental group

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exposed to ind var and to cause and effect

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acheived status

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earn them

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value power

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natural to obey bc parents told us to, element of moral persuation:good to win bad to lose, carry implied sanctions and looked down apon if you rebel

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2 branches of sciences of society

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stats (study of organization) and dynamics (process of chaning organization)

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Conversion of philosophers to sociologists

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1.social upheals of 19 cent and industrial/french rev(farms-->cities, questioning church, high crime rate etc)
2.advancement of natural science(explain aspects of physical world to model how to control beh)

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Soc Imagination

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look at person/societies behaviors and social forces that cause them

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Theoretical Perspective

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general assumptions about the nature of society (tp: its naturally assumed that you'll wipe your ass). a way of seeing and understanding a particular problem and instruments to let us see closer that we would w/o these systems

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social aggregateq

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# people in one place not interacting . ex:audience and theater, people and street

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biases

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ethnocentrism (my society is better than yours), temporocentrism(things in past were better), personal experiences(distort our perceptions of experiences diff than our own, ex: kids learn lang easer than adults bc the experience of learning a new lang makes it harder to learn a new one later in life

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social consensus

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part of fund persp:member of society agree and do whats best for society.

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role set

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array of roles attached to one particular status:professor is also lecturer, adviserm researcher

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USA soc focuses on...

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specific problems and treated each seperatly. Ex: childrens bureaum workers comp etc

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Conflict Perspective

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macro, unstable, conflict among competing groups brings about social change thats beneficial to society (defeat brittis in rev on 4th of july is good bc were independent). 1960s;civil rights mvmt, conflicts bw old and young. too negative

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ascribed status

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given to us independently of what we do: gender, race

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conflict sports

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reinforces gender/racial inequlities, discourages b/c dreams are hard to achieve, violence and bad sports if lose

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symbolic perspctive

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micro, attention to details of situation and interaction b/w indv's and that situation. people act how they interpret their social world (i talk smart so they respond to me as rescpecful and respond more positivly). symbol=object, sound, word. written word has symbols beyond black squiggles. PERCEPTION! ignores any real social forces

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symbolic sports

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if coaches and fans behave, if you think you are a winner youll do better, kids say they're good b/c mom tells them they are, coach expects more out of blacks b/c they're know to be better. communication b/w players

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sociocultural evolution

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changing from technologically simple society to more complex with more consequences(driving force=food production)

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what is soc

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scientific systematic study of human societies

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global analysis

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study other socieites in world outside of USA

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economic globalization

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intership among world economies~

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social marginality

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being excluded from mainstream societies (gays, poor)& how they make it in society

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misconceptions

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its about socializing, deals with social work, and not related to socialism

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agricultural:8, med/lg, variety of specialized jobs...town

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5000 yrs ago, plows and draft animals, feed more people so more specialized jobs, can get huge (india) but usually small

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emphasis of soc (3)

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1. interdisciplinary-socipsyc...both sociology and psychology...what they share in common)
2.social history-ww1 presidential elections that cuased social events, ordinary people and how they struggled/changed
3. comparative anth-compares diff societies withe similarities and diff of other societies (diff of marriage rules)..cross cultural

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micro

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docuses on invs and small groups:see players of court

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master status

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status of wife when with husband

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content analysis

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search for specific words and turn into #'s. ex: how many times word love is in novel determines if its a romantic book

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macro

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focuses on total society: see whole basketball arena but hardly each player

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outsourcing

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making inexpensive products for cheap by hiring outsiders to come in and work for underpaid. Bad=low wage employ, reduces tax base

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Soc as a science

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make hypethesis about situation (what 2 things have in common and compare), and test (compare) with other forms like it to get a theory

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subordinate status

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status of banker is sub when with husband

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role

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expectation of what an indv should do in accordance with particular status

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Social group

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people act in accordance w status and roles to form this. collection of people who interat with one another and have certain feelings of unity (fam, business partners)

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sanction

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rewards for conforming to norms and punishments for not

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status inconsistency

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high rank as DR, but low rank in office because shes a female