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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causes of change in crime rate
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1. change in frequency of crime
2. change in citizens reporting crime 3. change in the population |
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Official Data
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only crimes that are known to police
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Unofficial Data
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Self reports: report own criminal behavior
Most often done on juveniles |
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Self reports are not a good source because....
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1. assumes people tell the truth
2. under report crimes: fear of getting in trouble 3. over report crimes: enhance reports |
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Victimization Surveys
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people report crimes against their personality or property
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Nature
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Individuals natural qualities
isn't explained by the environment genes and developmental pathways |
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Nurture
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personal experiences
something learned from the environment |
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Functionalist
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Criminal law is based on our value system
criminals violate not only law but also moral code punish policy doesn't recognize diversity |
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Conflict
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Only benefits certain segments (most powerful)
Interested in distribution of power Groups have power and can create laws that benefit them Group have different perspectives on crime People in power have all the goods |
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Biological Theory
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Genes, evolutionary behavior
Lomboroso: distinct characteristics between criminals and non criminals -Jaw size, lip size, number of ribs -Can also tell between types of criminals -Criminals are not as evolved as noncriminals -Wrote the "Criminal Mind" Wilson and Herrnstein wrote "Crime and Human Nature" -Criminals have lower IQs, therefore don't think about their actions, they only think about the short term effects Nature Functionalist: individual responsible for behavior |
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Psychological Theory
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Look for cause of crime through personality of a offender or emotional makeup
Psychiatric model: criminals are psychologically mental -Mental Illness is related to crime -Schizophrenia, post traumatic, stress disorder Personality Model: Assumption that noncriminals and criminals have different personalities Emotional Trauma: Treat the person with therapy/treatment -Not sufficient to explain crime Nurture Functionalist: individual is the problem |
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Classical Theory
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Cost is low, benefit is high=people are more likely to commit the crime
Idea that people rationally make decisions Beccaria wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" Certainty of punishment=less likely to commit crime Polie presence and sending people to jail=good thing Evidence of bias "You do the crime, you do the time" Nurture Functionalist: Individual makes decision |
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Labeling Theory
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Assumption that everyone commits crime
Assumption that some people are caught= labeled offender/delinquent/deviant More interested in why society reacts to social status in regards to crime, less interested in why crime was committed Not about crime,but who is to get caught Points to race, gender, class (bias) The way the theory responds to crime is bias Policy Implication: -divert to alternative programs -train people in criminal justice about their own bias -i.e. police need training on racism -prevent bias from being part of reaction Critics argue that some people are criminals -Fails to explain criminal behavior Nurture: how society reacts to groups bases on their social status Conflict:based on power, unfairness of CJ |
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Control Theory
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Hirschi
People don't commit crime because they have a conscious Social bond=criminal behavior 4 elements to social bond: 1. Attachment: extent to which people are linked to their groups of a community through feeling of respect -Parents are key to keeping kids from criminal behavior 2. Commitment: the degree to which people develop a steak in conforming behavior -More committed, less likely to make a criminal behavior 3. Involvement: physical activities of a noncriminal nature 4. Belief: person's elegance to dominant value system Less involved, more criminal activity Policy Implications: Theory has ore to do with prevention "Just Say No" campaign=internal control to resist Not a perfect theory: not all kids who come from where they should be committing crimes do -Why do middle class get into trouble Nurture Functionalism |
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Feminist Theory
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Patriarchy: ser up by/for men, men at advantage
-set up to benefit men -Linked to criminal behavior or CJ Men had certain rights over women since there were a mans property -No recognition of rape since women were their "property" 1. Feminists argue that men have traditionally defined what is criminal and that definition has benefitted them 2.The social construction of gender impacts criminal behavior and the treatment of men and women in CJS 3. Crimes affects men and women differently, particularly crimes of violence -Women are seven times more likely to be raped -Rape affects all women; they change their behavior in order to reduce crime of rape Policy Implication: If patriarchy is the problem then it should be eliminated -Feminist argue: Law has to change to reflect fairness or people have to be more educated about their bias -Doesn't explain individual motivations of crimes Nurture: more concerned about social construction of feminism and masculine Conflict: unfairness based on gender |
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Marxist Theory (aka Radical Criminology)
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Capitalism: economic system in which the production of goods is mainly in private hand
-Profit of business goes to owner -Can own property that can pass onto children -Laissez Faire: government doesn't regulate business/impose any controls on business -No minimum wage or regulation -Capitalism makes two classes of people: -Owner (makes profit) and workers) -Capitalist society always comes down to owners vs. workers -Marx said capitalist society won't work and will end in revolution/lead to problems -System that is oppressive Themes: 1.Criminal law is the tool of the ruling class (the wealthy) 2.Crime is a product of class struggle -Workers=result of frustration=crime -Owners motivated to make crime by profit-- because it is profitable, they profit from it 3.Capitalism is responsible for property crime, violent crime and white-collar crime Policy Implication: If capitalism is a problem, dismantle it -Doesn't explain motivations or psychopaths, criminals--left explained -Lacks imperial evidence |
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Differential Association
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Sutherland
Peers are who people learn criminal norms Intimate personal traits: exposed to different set of values 1.Frequency and duration of relationship -Longer Duration: More likely to adopt criminal norms 2. Priority=time in you life when you're exposed to those values 3. Intensity=the prestige of the course of the behavior pattern (peers) to the extent that you want their respect you are vulnerable to their influence (peer pressure) 1. Techniques for committing the crime 2. Motives, rationalizations, attitudes -Spur Posse: Norms were different than values of a society -Positive peer Culture: If it's their friends that that they are talking to then they're more likely to listen Doesn't explain people who operate by themselves Nurture: Comes from interactions with other people Functionalist but can be conflict |
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Strain Anomie Theory
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Robert Merton: tried to come up with a theory that explained why lower class were committing more crimes
Most arrests are made in the underclass and working poor Structure of society is split between the goals and the means to get to the goals American goal is not reachable for everyone Policy Implication: If people can't get ahead legitimately, you need to help them get ahead legitimately -Giving someone the tools to get ahead -Talk about preventing crime in the inner city -Need to insert opportunity into capitalism -Doesn't explain white collar crime -Makes argument that unemployment relates to crime Nurture Conflict and Functionalism |
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Prostitution
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Victimless Crime
Guilty when: 1.Engage or agree to engage in sexual conduct for money 2.Pay a person for sexual activity |
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Prostitution Statistics
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In 2002: 58,659 arrests nationwide (for prostitution)
-46%= Whites -38%= African Americans In 2009: 71, 350 arrests nationwide -30.4% were males who paid for sex -56%= Whites -41%=African Americans |
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High Priced Call Girls
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Out of an agency=more choice/option
$30-100,000/year $1-2,500/week |
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Massage Parlor Prostitute
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19th century=cigar shops
$500/week |
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"Inmates" of house of prostitution
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House that does nothing but prostitution
Operated by one person, typically women (madams) Prostitues have no choice $300-1,1200/week |
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Streetwalkers
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"Hookers"
Walk streets looking for customers Little choice, more necessity to survive (desperate) perform services in cars, hotels, anywhere Most likely to be arrested $200-500/week |
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Prostitution: Illegal
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Health Concerns (Drugs)
Other crimes are associated with prostitution Legal Moralism (Degrading traditional womanhood/family values) Exploitation of women (Feminist Theory) Make illegal and behavior will decrease=classical theory Violates values of society=control theory No reproductive sex It is useless=should be outlawed |
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Prostitution: Legal
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Taxes
Open jobs -Provides jobs=giving people more opportunity to get ahead (Strain anomie theory) Sexual Freedom (Feminist Theory) Reduce the harmful effects of prostitution (certification) -Reduces other crimes (like robbing a customer) Frees up law enforcement Prostitution was a necessary evil Assumption: Males have an abundance of lust and prostitution helped that No prostitution= men would have drove their wives crazy |
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Cause of Prostitution
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child abuse= run away/ move out
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Prostitution: Labeling Approach
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Prostitution is illegal but you can:
-photograph nude, even accept money for it -have phone sex and accept money for it -have phone sex -marry for money, even if you don't love them *either all should be legal or all should be illegal |
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Binge Drinking Statistics
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1 in every 4 high school student Binge Drinks
Juniors, seniors, frats and sororities, white and young men |
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Due to Binge Drinking
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1. Academic Problems
2. Arguments 3. Increases Violence -injuries -sexual asault -1 to 2 thirds on campus due to alcohol 4. Engages in unsafe sexual practices 5. Property damage 6. DWI increases -38% of accidents are due to DWI 7. Impaired sleep/study time |
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Substance Abuse
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Must have three of the following:
1. Failure to fulfill role obligations 2. Substance use in hazardous situations 3. Legal problems (arrested when drunk) 4. Persistence impersonal problems |
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Substance Dependence
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Must have one from substance abuse and three of the following:
1. Tolerance 2. Withdrawal 3. Unsuccessful efforts to stop 4. Spending great amounts of time getting substance 5. Forgetting social events 6. Continuing to use substance despite health concerns *psychological perspective: mandate problem, get help/treated |
