Sociology 204: Theorist's

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"SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM," Study of symbolic interaction in the form of dramaturgical perspective.
Wrote, "THE PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE."
Actors in the stage of life.
TOTAL INSTITUTION RESOCIALIZATION

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ERVING GOFFMAN

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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - INTRODUCED SYMBOLS
Placed particular importance on the study of language in analyzing the social world. Language allows us to become self-conscious beings - aware of our own individuality

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GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

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USE OF WORDS AND GESTURES DICTATING FEELING AND PERCEPTION.
"THE LOOKING GLASS SELF," concept that a person's self grows out of societies interpersonal interactions and the perception of others.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST

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CHARLES COOLEY

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THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY....Persons and groups interacting together in a social system for, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST

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BERGER & LUCKMANN

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THEORY OF STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

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"SYMBOLIC INTERACTION," and the premises to it.
Continuing the work of George Herbert Mead...
Main research interests included empirical method and observation of POP CULTURE. He believed that Sympathetic Introspection and participant observation were more important than scientific approaches when it comes to examining symbolic interactionism.

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HERBERT BLUMER

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FEMINISM AND THE OEDIPUS COMPLEX.
She begins with Freud's assertion that children are born bisexual and that the child's inner mother is its last sexual object..notes that the child forms its ego in reaction to the dominating figure of the mother.
....emphasizes much more than Freud in the importance of the MOTHER rather than the father. Children become emotionally involved with the mother because she is the most dominant influence in their early lives

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NANCY CHODOROW

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DEFINES: SPACE
INTIMATE SPACE, PERSONAL SPACE, SOCIAL DISTANCE, PUBLIC SPACE

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EDWARD HALL

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Continued on CHODOROW's theory of the importance of women in male/female development.
...men devalue women's intentions as weak and insecure when in fact it is to rectify or fix a problem
...women think of MORALS as good deeds and do's and don'ts-helping others
...men mention abstract ideals of duty, justice & individual freedom

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CAROL GILLIGAN

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THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; SENSORIMOTOR STAGE, PREOPERATIONAL STAGE, CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE, FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

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JEAN PIAGET

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****** THEOREM: IF MEN DECIDE SITUATIONS AS REAL, THEY ARE REAL IN THEIR CONSEQUENCES
- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF SOCIOLOGY -
...Worked on the SOCIOLOGY OF MIGRATION

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W. I. THOMAS

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THE THEORY OF EMERGENCE OF GENDER IDENTITY
...The learning of gender differences in infants and young children centers on the possession or absence of the penis. "I have a penis," = boy, "I don't have a penis," = girl --- it is not just the anatomical distinctions that matter; the possession and absence of the penis are symbolic of masculinity and feminity
...at age 4-5, a boy feels threatened by the disipline and autonomy his father demands of him. Fantasizing that the father wishes to remove his penis.
...In repressing erotic feelings toward the mother and accepting the father as a superior being, the boy identifies with the father and becomes aware of his male identity.

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SIGMUND FREUD

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FOCUSED ON WHY WESTERN SOCIETIES DEVELOPED SO DIFFERENTLY FROM OTHER SOCIETIES.
HE ALSO EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL IDEAS AND VALUES ON SOCIAL CHANGE
...The dynamic of modern development is the rationalization of social and economic life

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MAX WEBER

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INVENTED THE WORD SOCIOLOGY
BELIEVED THAT THIS NEW FIELD COULD PRODUCE KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIETY BASED ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
--should contribute to the welfare of humanity by using science to understand and therefore predict and control human behavior

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AUGUSTE COMTE

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Wrote, "WHO RULES AMERICA," & "THE POWER STRUGGLE"
Argues that the US is dominated by an elite ownership class both politically and economically.
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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G. WILLIAM DOMHOFF

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...When one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions.
...Insisted that an analysis of a society must include an understanding of women's lives
...argued that sociologists should do more than just observe; they should act in ways to benefit society
...1st Female Sociologist
CLASS INEQUALITIES - SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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HARRIET MARTINEAU

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Wrote "THE POWER ELITE," about Capitalism, and who rules America
Coined, SOCIAL IMAGINATION; Requires us, above all to "think ourselves away" from our daily routines to look at them anew
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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C. WRIGHT MILLS

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...1st African-American to earn a doctorate from Harvard
...1st Social researcher to trace the problems faced by African Americans to their social and economic underpinnings, a connection that most sociologists now widely accept
..."DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS"
...Founding member of the NAACP
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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W. E . B. DUBOIS

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...The main dynamic of modern development is the expansion of CAPITALISM. Rather than being cohesive, society is divided by class differences
...Marx believed that we must study the divisions within a society that are derived from the economic inequalities of capitalism
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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KARL MARX

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...1st Female to win Nobel Peace Prize
...1st Female Sociologist and public philosopher
...Leader in Women's Suffrage and World Peace
...Became a role model for middle class women who volunteered to uplift their communities
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST

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JANE ADAMS