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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociology
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systematic study of human society
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organized skepticism
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directly observable
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August Comte
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father of sociology
positivist social statics and dynamics |
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positivist
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advocates use of scientific method
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Chicago School
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activist/reformist mode
timely issues of the day |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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brings psychology into sociology
how individuals interact microlevel |
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theory
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how or why facts are related
cause and effect statements neutral |
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Weber
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symbolic interactionism
walk a mile in someone's shoes |
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Cooley
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symbolic interactionism
looking glass self |
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Structural Functionalism
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consensus and cooperation
macro approach |
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social structure
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relatively stable pattern of behavior
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social function
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consequence for operation of society
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Durkheim
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structural functionalism
1st to carry out large-scale systematic study using scientific method |
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Parsons
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coined "structural functionalism"
every social institution serves a function |
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Merton
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structural functionalism
everything has purposeful function and side effect |
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Social Conflict
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oldest/ sees conflict
based on inequality |
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W.E.B. Dubois
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social conflict
importance of racial inequality |
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Marx
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founder of social conflict
anti-capitalist |
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2 Marxian Social Classes
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bourgeoisie (owner of means of production)
proletariat (workers) |
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Sociological Investigation
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intuition
common sense authority tradition science |
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value
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statements or convictions of belief
biased, abstract guidelines manifest from other social institutions |
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androcentricity
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analyzing from male's point of view
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gynocentricity
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analyzing from female's point of view
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overgeneralization
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researchers use data from one gender and try to apply it to the opposite
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gender blindness
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inability to take gender into account at all
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double standard
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women and men are judged differently
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research method
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specific plan of what we can do under controlled set of circumstances
hypothesis relationship |
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Hawthorne Effect
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behave differently when we know we are being watched
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survey research
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prepared set of questions
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interview
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face-to-face
phone call |
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participant observation research
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researchers observe from a distance
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secondary (aggregate) data
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using pre-existing data
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culture
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constitutes specific way of life
passed from generation |
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real culture
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actual day to day culture
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material culture
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artifacts and tangibles
cars, clothes |
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nonmaterial culture
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intangible cultural beliefs
rules, values |
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symbols
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create reality
change over time |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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understanding of social world comes from lingusitic ability
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gestures
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linguistic shorthand
convey meaning quickly |
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beliefs
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what we hold to be true
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proscriptive norm
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norm that tells us we should not do something
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prescriptive norm
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norm that tells us what we should do
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folkway
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make interaction more predictable
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mores
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strictly enforced
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taboo
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behavior that if violated, one meets extreme social repercussions
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ideologies
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statements of reality
dominate or maintain status quo |
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types of cultural diversity
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high, popular, sub
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subculture
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distinct from original culture, but must have some commonalities
not exclusive, give us identity |
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jargon
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form of communication in subcultures
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multiculturalism
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giving equal weight to all different cultures
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counter culture
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goes against the norm
quickly die out |
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3 main causes of cultural change
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discovery, invention, diffusion
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ethnocentrism
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judging another culture on the basis of your own
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cultural relativism
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being able to understand different culture
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status
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recognized social position that a person occupies
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status set
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culmination of all statuses one person has
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ascribed status
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status you inherit from parents
social, intelligence |
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achieved status
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gained from what you do
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master status
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how you are defined with the relationship with others
set for life |
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role
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expected behavior (rights and obligations) that that goes with status
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role set
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multiple roles attached to single status
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role conflict
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when roles of separate statuses conflict
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role strain
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roles conflicting in a single status
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role exit
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when we abandon certain statuses
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socialization
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process by which we develop human potential and learn cultural patterns
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Darwin
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nature
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model of personality
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freud
id, ego, superego |
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id
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freud, unconscious
we're born with it opposed by society |
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ego
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freud
conscious effort to balance id and super ego |
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super ego
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freud
reflection of our culture unconscious |
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cognitive development
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piaget
what we know and how we relate is going to alter |
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Sensory Motor
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cognitive
5 senses 1st 2 years of life |
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Preoperational
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cognitive
language, symbols less egocentric |
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concrete operational
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cognitive
understand how and why |
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formal operational
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cognitive
abstract thought |
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moral development
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Kohlberg
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pre conventional
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do things that bring pleasure
criminals |
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hedonism
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doing things that bring pleasure or help us avoid pain
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conventional
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behave a certain way because of how others will react
young adulthood |
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post conventional
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follow moral principles because I think it is right
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social self
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Mead
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2 independent components of self
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I and Me
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I
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active and spontaneous
id selfish |
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Me
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objective
super ego look at how others will be affected |
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Play stage
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Mead
imitation act differently around certain people |
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Game stage
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understand multiple roles for one person
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generalized other
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cultural norms and values fluctuate from event to event
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agents of socialization
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family
schooling peer group mass media |
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anticipatory socialization
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learning to fit in a specific group
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Life Course
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childhood
adolescence adulthood middle adulthood old age death |
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total institution
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individuals separated from whole
supervised prison |
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resocialization
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building up new self through system of rewards and punishment
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autonomy
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individuality
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Functionalist perspective
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way to maintain cultural equilibrium
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conflict perspective
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a way to keep people in their place
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