Sociology 2 Test Ch. 5-8

Front 1

anticipatory socialization

Back 1

process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future

Front 2

game stage

Back 2

stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community and to conform his/her behavior to broad, societal expectations

Front 3

gender

Back 3

psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness

Front 4

generalized other

Back 4

perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes

Front 5

identity

Back 5

Essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity and religion

Front 6

looking glass self

Back 6

Sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others

Front 7

play stage

Back 7

Stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take a role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time.

Front 8

reflexive behavior

Back 8

Behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed

Front 9

resocialization

Back 9

process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one.

Front 10

role taking

Back 10

Ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior

Front 11

self

Back 11

Unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior.

Front 12

sex

Back 12

biological maleness or femaleness

Front 13

socialization

Back 13

process through which one learnshow to act according to the rules and expectations of a partiular culture

Front 14

total institution

Back 14

place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead and enclosed, formally administered life

Front 15

tracking

Back 15

the grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities

Front 16

account

Back 16

statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrasing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred

Front 17

aligning action

Back 17

action taken to restore an identity that has damaged

Front 18

back stage

Back 18

area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior

Front 19

cooling out

Back 19

gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

Front 20

disclaimer

Back 20

assertion designed to forestall any cvomplaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur

Front 21

dramaturgy

Back 21

study of social interaction as theater, in which people (actors) prject images(play roles) in front of others (audience)

Front 22

embarrassment

Back 22

spontaneous feeling that is experiencedwhen the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others

Front 23

front stage

Back 23

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

Front 24

impression management

Back 24

act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments

Front 25

performance stigma

Back 25

set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form am impression of one or all team members

Front 26

stigma

Back 26

deeply discrediting charcteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior.

Front 27

endogamy

Back 27

marriage within one's social group

Front 28

exogamy

Back 28

marriage outside one's social ggroup

Front 29

extended family

Back 29

family unit consisting of the parent-child nuclear family and other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Front 30

monogamy

Back 30

marriage of one man and one woman

Front 31

neolocal residence

Back 31

living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family

Front 32

nuclear family

Back 32

family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child

Front 33

polygamy

Back 33

marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time

Front 34

virtual community

Back 34

group of people who use computers to regularly communicate with one another in lieu of face-to-face interaction

Front 35

absolutism

Back 35

approach to analyzing deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

Front 36

criminalization

Back 36

official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

Front 37

deterrence theory

Back 37

theory of deviance posting that people will be prevented from engaging in deviant acts if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits

Front 38

deviance

Back 38

behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive

Front 39

labeling theory

Back 39

theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity "deviant" has been succesfully applied

Front 40

medicalization

Back 40

definition of behavior as a medical problem and mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it

Front 41

relativism

Back 41

approach to analyzing deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas